The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Biological sex affects vaccine efficacy and protection against influenza in mice
Open accessAbstract
Significance: Biological sex is typically not considered in the evaluation of vaccine responses and protection against infection. We show that female mice mount greater humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to influenza infection and vaccination than males. Females can rely solely on antibody for protection following vaccination, which is associated with greater expression of toll-like receptor 7 ( Tlr7 ) caused by epigenetic mechanisms in B cells from females. Deletion of Tlr7 reduces sex differences in vaccine-induced antibody responses and protection. The increased expression of Tlr7 in B cells contributes to greater antibody production in females than males, which has a functional advantage for vaccine efficacy.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Sex differences in immune responses
Klein, S. L., & Flanagan, K. L. (2016) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2016.90 · Cited by 6,370
Self-citationIgG placental transfer in healthy and pathological pregnancies
Palmeira, P., Quinello, C., Silveira-Lessa, A. L., Zago, C. A., & Carneiro-Sampaio, M. (2012) · Clinical and Developmental Immunology · doi:10.1155/2012/985646 · Cited by 1,037
Rubtsov, A. V., Rubtsova, K., Fischer, A., Meehan, R. T., Gillis, J. Z., Kappler, J. W., & Marrack, P. (2011) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2011-01-331462 · Cited by 808
Control of B-cell responses by Toll-like receptors
Pasare, C., & Medzhitov, R. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04267 · Cited by 752
Furman, D., Hejblum, B. P., Simon, N., Jojic, V., Dekker, C. L., Thiébaut, R., Tibshirani, R. J., & Davis, M. M. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1321060111 · Cited by 673
TLR7 escapes X chromosome inactivation in immune cells
Souyris, M., Cenac, C., Azar, P., Daviaud, D., Canivet, A., Grunenwald, S., Pienkowski, C., Chaumeil, J., Mejía, J. E., & Guéry, J.-C. (2018) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.aap8855 · Cited by 641
Wu, T., Hu, Y., Lee, Y.-T., Bouchard, K. R., Benechet, A., Khanna, K., & Cauley, L. S. (2013) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0313180 · Cited by 530
Sex and Gender Differences in the Outcomes of Vaccination over the Life Course
Flanagan, K. L., Fink, A. L., Plebanski, M., & Klein, S. L. (2017) · Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100616-060718 · Cited by 508
Self-citationIgG2a restriction of murine antibodies elicited by viral infections.
Coutelier, J. P., van der Logt, J. T., Heessen, F. W., Warnier, G., & Van Snick, J. (1987) · The Journal of experimental medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.165.1.64 · Cited by 428
Grindstaff, J. L., Brodie, E. D., & Ketterson, E. D. (2003) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2485 · Cited by 425
Cited by
Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease, and medicine
Mauvais-Jarvis, F., Bairey Merz, N., Barnes, P. J., Brinton, R. D., Carrero, J.-J., DeMeo, D. L., De Vries, G. J., Epperson, C. N., Govindan, R., Klein, S. L., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31561-0 · Cited by 2,001
Self-citationSex differences in immune responses that underlie COVID-19 disease outcomes
Takahashi, T., Ellingson, M. K., Wong, P., Israelow, B., Lucas, C., Klein, J., Silva, J., Mao, T., Oh, J. E., Tokuyama, M., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2700-3 · Cited by 1,459
Immunoinformatics and Vaccine Development: An Overview
Oli, A. N., Obialor, W. O., Ifeanyichukwu, M. O., Odimegwu, D. C., Okoyeh, J. N., Emechebe, G. O., Adejumo, S. A., & Ibeanu, G. C. (2020) · ImmunoTargets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/itt.s241064 · Cited by 281
The non-specific and sex-differential effects of vaccines
Aaby, P., Benn, C. S., Flanagan, K. L., Klein, S. L., Kollmann, T. R., Lynn, D. J., & Shann, F. (2020) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0338-x · Cited by 142
Self-citationLau, E. S., McNeill, J. N., Paniagua, S. M., Liu, E. E., Wang, J. K., Bassett, I. V., Selvaggi, C. A., Lubitz, S. A., Foulkes, A. S., & Ho, J. E. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250774 · Cited by 65
Metadata
- Authors
- Fink, A. L., Engle, K., Ursin, R. L., Tang, W.-Y., & Klein, S. L.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2018-11-19
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 49
- Pages
- 12477-12482
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- OpenAlex
- W2901467783
- Cited by
- 253
- References
- 32
- FWCI
- 14.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Biological sex affects vaccine efficacy and protection against influenza in mice. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1073/pnas.1805268115
- The paper
- Fink, A. L., Engle, K., Ursin, R. L., Tang, W.-Y., & Klein, S. L. (2018). Biological sex affects vaccine efficacy and protection against influenza in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1805268115
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.