Genomic sites hypersensitive to ultraviolet radiation
Open accessAbstract
If the genome contains outlier sequences extraordinarily sensitive to environmental agents, these would be sentinels for monitoring personal carcinogen exposure and might drive direct changes in cell physiology rather than acting through rare mutations. New methods, adductSeq and freqSeq, provided statistical resolution to quantify rare lesions at single-base resolution across the genome. Primary human melanocytes, but not fibroblasts, carried spontaneous apurinic sites and TG sequence lesions more frequent than ultraviolet (UV)-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). UV exposure revealed hyperhotspots acquiring CPDs up to 170-fold more frequently than the genomic average; these sites were more prevalent in melanocytes. Hyperhotspots were disproportionately located near genes, particularly for RNA-binding proteins, with the most-recurrent hyperhotspots at a fixed position within 2 motifs. One motif occurs at ETS family transcription factor binding sites, known to be UV targets and now shown to be among the most sensitive in the genome, and at sites of mTOR/5′ terminal oligopyrimidine-tract translation regulation. The second occurs at A 2–15 TTCTY, which developed “dark CPDs” long after UV exposure, repaired CPDs slowly, and had accumulated CPDs prior to the experiment. Motif locations active as hyperhotspots differed between cell types. Melanocyte CPD hyperhotspots aligned precisely with recurrent UV signature mutations in individual gene promoters of melanomas and with known cancer drivers. At sunburn levels of UV exposure, every cell would have a hyperhotspot CPD in each of the ∼20 targeted cell pathways, letting hyperhotspots act as epigenetic marks that create phenome instability; high prevalence favors cooccurring mutations, which would allow tumor evolution to use weak drivers.
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A study of CPD hyperhotspots found a DNA sequence motif specific to melanocytes at which CPDs were present before the experiment began and at which dCPDs appeared over time and were poorly repaired, as if generated by melanogenesis during prior cell culture.
“a study of “CPD hyperhotspots”, sites at which UVB or UVC induces CPDs more than 100-fold more frequently than the genomic average, encountered a DNA sequence motif specific to melanocytes at which CPDs were present before the experiment began and at which dCPDs appeared over time and were poorly repaired, as if dCPDs had been generated by melanogenesis during prior cell culture”
From Chemiexcitation: Mammalian Photochemistry in the Dark<sup>†</sup> (2023) · cites this paper as [41]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Premi, S., Han, L., Mehta, S., Knight, J., Zhao, D., Palmatier, M. A., Kornacker, K., & Brash, D. E.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Karl Kornacker & Associates, LLC, Worthington, OH 43085;
- Yale Cancer Center (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2019-11-13
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 48
- Pages
- 24196-24205
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC6883822
- OpenAlex
- W2983095819
- Cited by
- 95
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 3.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- HHS | NIH | National Cancer Institute (P50CA121974, 2P30CA016359-34)
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (1R01ES030562)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA Repair Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Keywords
- ultraviolet radiation, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, DNA adducts, melanocytes, melanoma, DNA repair, RNA-binding proteins, tumor evolution
- MeSH terms
- Cells, Cultured, DNA Damage, Fibroblasts, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Melanocytes, Melanoma, Mutation, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Pyrimidine Dimers, Pyrimidine Nucleotides, Skin Neoplasms, Protein Biosynthesis, Ultraviolet Rays, Genome, Human, 5' Untranslated Regions, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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