LAX and SPA : Major regulators of shoot branching in rice
Open accessAbstract
The aerial architecture of plants is determined primarily by the pattern of shoot branching. Although shoot apical meristem initiation during embryogenesis has been extensively studied by molecular genetic approaches using Arabidopsis , little is known about the genetic mechanisms controlling axillary meristem initiation, mainly because of the insufficient number of mutants that specifically alter it. We identified the LAX PANICLE ( LAX ) and SMALL PANICLE ( SPA ) genes as the main regulators of axillary meristem formation in rice. LAX encodes a basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor and is expressed in the boundary between the shoot apical meristem and the region of new meristem formation. This pattern of LAX expression was repeatedly observed in every axillary meristem, consistent with our observation that LAX is involved in the formation of all types of axillary meristems throughout the ontogeny of a rice plant. Ectopic LAX expression in rice caused pleiotropic effects, including dwarfing, an altered pattern of stem elongation, darker color, bending of the lamina joint, absence of the midribs of leaves, and severe sterility.
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LAX1 and BA1 are key regulators of shoot and inflorescence branching in rice and maize, respectively.
“LAX PANICLE1 (LAX1) and BARREN STALK1 (BA1) were characterized as key regulators of shoot and inflorescence branching in the monocots rice and maize, respectively (Komatsu et al., 2003;Gallavotti et al., 2004).”
From <i>Divide et impera</i>: boundaries shape the plant body and initiate new meristems (2016) · cites this paper as Komatsu et al., 2003
The Arabidopsis ROX gene encodes a bHLH protein family protein.
“| ROX | ba1 (maize) | bHLH | Reduced number of AMs, | SAM and leaf primordia | Komatsu et al. (2003); Gallavotti |”
From <i>Divide et impera</i>: boundaries shape the plant body and initiate new meristems (2016) · cites this paper as Komatsu et al. (2003)
Loss-of-function mutants of ROX have a reduced number of tillers and spikelets.
“| | LAX1 (rice) | | reduced number of tillers | | et al. (2004); Yang et al. (2012) |”
From <i>Divide et impera</i>: boundaries shape the plant body and initiate new meristems (2016) · cites this paper as Komatsu et al. (2003)
Loss-of-function mutants of ROX have a reduced number of axillary meristems.
“| ROX | ba1 (maize) | bHLH | Reduced number of AMs, | SAM and leaf primordia | Komatsu et al. (2003); Gallavotti |”
From <i>Divide et impera</i>: boundaries shape the plant body and initiate new meristems (2016) · cites this paper as Komatsu et al. (2003)
ROX is expressed in the boundary between the SAM and leaf primordia.
“| ROX | ba1 (maize) | bHLH | Reduced number of AMs, | SAM and leaf primordia | Komatsu et al. (2003); Gallavotti |”
From <i>Divide et impera</i>: boundaries shape the plant body and initiate new meristems (2016) · cites this paper as Komatsu et al. (2003)
Cites
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<i>MAX1</i> and <i>MAX2</i> control shoot lateral branching in <i>Arabidopsis</i>
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Initiation of Axillary and Floral Meristems in Arabidopsis
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Self-citation<i>AXR1</i> Acts after Lateral Bud Formation to Inhibit Lateral Bud Growth in Arabidopsis
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The maize mutant <i>barren stalk1</i> is defective in axillary meristem development
Ritter, M. K., Padilla, C. M., & Schmidt, R. J. (2002) · American Journal of Botany · doi:10.3732/ajb.89.2.203 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
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Müller, D., Schmitz, G., & Theres, K. (2006) · The Plant Cell · doi:10.1105/tpc.105.038745 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Teichmann, T., & Muhr, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00233 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
“Another factor is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein called REGULATOROF AXILLARYMERISTEM FORMATION (ROX) inArabidopsis (Yang et al., 2012), LAXPANICLE1 (LAX1) in rice (Komatsu et al., 2001, 2003) and BARREN STALK1 (BA1) in maize (Ritter et al., 2002; Gallavotti et al., 2004).”
BackgroundThe Stem Cell Niche in Leaf Axils Is Established by Auxin and Cytokinin in <i>Arabidopsis</i>
Wang, Y., Wang, J., Shi, B., Yu, T., Qi, J., Meyerowitz, E. M., & Jiao, Y. (2014) · The Plant Cell · doi:10.1105/tpc.114.123083 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
The Plant Architecture of Rice (Oryza sativa)
Wang, Y., & Li, J. (2005) · Plant Molecular Biology · doi:10.1007/s11103-004-4038-x · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Hormonal regulation of branching in grasses
McSteen, P. (2009) · Plant Physiology · doi:10.1104/pp.108.129056 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Two-Step Regulation of a Meristematic Cell Population Acting in Shoot Branching in Arabidopsis
Shi, B., Zhang, C., Tian, C., Wang, J., Wang, Q., Xu, T., Xu, Y., Ohno, C., Sablowski, R., Heisler, M. G., et al. (2016) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006168 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Something on the Side: Axillary Meristems and Plant Development
Bennett, T., & Leyser, O. (2006) · Plant Molecular Biology · doi:10.1007/s11103-005-2763-4 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
<i>Divide et impera</i>: boundaries shape the plant body and initiate new meristems
Wang, Q., Hasson, A., Rossmann, S., & Theres, K. (2016) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.13641 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
- Authors
- Komatsu, K., Maekawa, M., Ujiie, S., Satake, Y., Furutani, I., Okamoto, H., Shimamoto, K., & Kyozuka, J.
- Affiliations
- Okayama University (JP)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2003-09-16
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 11765-11770
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC208832
- OpenAlex
- W2077958790
- Cited by
- 438
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 10.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Molecular Biology Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Parasitism and Resistance
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Genetic and Mutation Studies
- Keywords
- axillary meristem initiation, shoot branching, rice, bHLH transcription factors, shoot apical meristem, pleiotropy, plant architecture, sterility
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Molecular Sequence Data, Plant Proteins, Oryza, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, In Situ Hybridization, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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