Data integration enables global biodiversity synthesis
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Significance: As anthropogenic impacts to Earth systems accelerate, biodiversity knowledge integration is urgently required to support responses to underpin a sustainable future. Consolidating information from disparate sources (e.g., community science programs, museums) and data types (e.g., environmental, biological) can connect the biological sciences across taxonomic, disciplinary, geographical, and socioeconomic boundaries. In an analysis of the research uses of the world’s largest cross-taxon biodiversity data network, we report the emerging roles of open-access data aggregation in the development of increasingly diverse, global research. These results indicate a new biodiversity science landscape centered on big data integration, informing ongoing initiatives and the strategic prioritization of biodiversity data aggregation across diverse knowledge domains, including environmental sciences and policy, evolutionary biology, conservation, and human health.
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Most specimens from tropical regions are housed in European and North American institutions.
“Most specimens from tropical regions are housed in European and North American institutions (see figure 2 in Heberling et al. 2021).”
From How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge (2025) · cites this paper as Heberling et al. 2021
The Results section and Fig. 2 caption (page unavailable) compare where biodiversity is studied with where researchers are affiliated; they do not show where specimens are housed. The Discussion says specimens have historically been held in museums, but gives no geographic breakdown of tropical specimens. Searches for tropical specimen holdings and institutional locations found no passage establishing the claimed majority. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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Estimating species relative abundances from museum records
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GBIF falls short of providing a representative picture of the global distribution of insects
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Wildflower phenological escape differs by continent and spring temperature
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Self-citationA data‐driven geospatial workflow to map species distributions for conservation assessments
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A phylogeny-informed characterisation of global tetrapod traits addresses data gaps and biases
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A quixotic view of spatial bias in modelling the distribution of species and their diversity
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Transnational conservation to anticipate future plant shifts in Europe
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Algorithms going wild – A review of machine learning techniques for terrestrial ecology
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Current Trends and Issues in Research on Biodiversity Conservation and Tourism Sustainability
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Participatory monitoring drives biodiversity knowledge in global protected areas
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Predicting hotspots for invasive species introduction in Europe
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EuPPollNet : A European Database of Plant‐Pollinator Networks
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Self-citationGlobal monitoring of soil animal communities using a common methodologyPreprint
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Caught in the crossfire: biodiversity conservation paradox of sociopolitical conflict
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The changing landscape of text mining: a review of approaches for ecology and evolution
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Open Data Practices among Users of Primary Biodiversity Data
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Global fine-resolution data on springtail abundance and community structure
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Scientist-School STEM Partnerships Through Outreach in the USA: A Systematic Review
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A protocol for harvesting biodiversity data from Facebook
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- Authors
- Heberling, J. M., Miller, J. T., Noesgaard, D., Weingart, S. B., & Schigel, D.
- Affiliations
- Carnegie Museum of Natural History (US)
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility (DK)
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Heberling, J. Mason
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2021-02
- Volume
- 118
- Issue
- 6
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC8017944
- OpenAlex
- W3127515314
- Cited by
- 380
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 81 · 2025: 76 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 21
- FWCI
- 50.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Research Data Management Practices
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecological Modeling › Species Distribution and Climate Change
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Keywords
- biodiversity data integration, GBIF, citizen science, species distribution modeling, macroecology
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Classification, Humans, Museums, Databases, Factual, Biodiversity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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