CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 4,212Advanced MRI Techniques and ApplicationsAdvanced Neuroimaging Techniques and ApplicationsOptical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation.

Open access
Kwong, K K, Belliveau, J W, Chesler, D A, Goldberg, I E, Weisskoff, R M, Poncelet, B P, Kennedy, D N, Hoppel, B E, Cohen, M S, Turner, R·1992·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
DOI 10.1073/pnas.89.12.5675PMC PMC49355
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Neuronal activity causes local changes in cerebral blood flow, blood volume, and blood oxygenation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques sensitive to changes in cerebral blood flow and blood oxygenation were developed by high-speed echo planar imaging. These techniques were used to obtain completely noninvasive tomographic maps of human brain activity, by using visual and motor stimulus paradigms. Changes in blood oxygenation were detected by using a gradient echo (GE) imaging sequence sensitive to the paramagnetic state of deoxygenated hemoglobin. Blood flow changes were evaluated by a spin-echo inversion recovery (IR), tissue relaxation parameter T1-sensitive pulse sequence. A series of images were acquired continuously with the same imaging pulse sequence (either GE or IR) during task activation. Cine display of subtraction images (activated minus baseline) directly demonstrates activity-induced changes in brain MR signal observed at a temporal resolution of seconds. During 8-Hz patterned-flash photic stimulation, a significant increase in signal intensity (paired t test; P less than 0.001) of 1.8% +/- 0.8% (GE) and 1.8% +/- 0.9% (IR) was observed in the primary visual cortex (V1) of seven normal volunteers. The mean rise-time constant of the signal change was 4.4 +/- 2.2 s for the GE images and 8.9 +/- 2.8 s for the IR images. The stimulation frequency dependence of visual activation agrees with previous positron emission tomography observations, with the largest MR signal response occurring at 8 Hz. Similar signal changes were observed within the human primary motor cortex (M1) during a hand squeezing task and in animal models of increased blood flow by hypercapnia. By using intrinsic blood-tissue contrast, functional MRI opens a spatial-temporal window onto individual brain physiology.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.89.12.5675

Cites

30 of 30 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so the self-check wasn’t run.

Citations

Cites

Show all 30 references

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 4,212

Related

Metadata

Authors
Kwong, K. K., Belliveau, J. W., Chesler, D. A., Goldberg, I. E., Weisskoff, R. M., Poncelet, B. P., Kennedy, D. N., Hoppel, B. E., Cohen, M. S., & Turner, R.
Affiliations
Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
ORCID
Venue
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher
National Academy of Sciences
Published
1992-06-15
Volume
89
Issue
12
Pages
5675-5679
ISSN
  • 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
  • 1091-6490
DOI
10.1073/pnas.89.12.5675
PMC
PMC49355
OpenAlex
W2002660165
Cited by
4,212
References
30
Citations by year
2026: 51 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 82 · 2017: 103 · 2016: 97 · 2015: 118 · 2014: 125 · 2013: 132 · 2012: 161
FWCI
114.62
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
  • MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (5p01ca048729-13, 5r01ca040303-11)
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL039810, R01-HL39810)
  • National Cancer Institute (5PO1CA48729-02, R01-CA40303)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
Keywords
functional MRI, cerebral blood flow, cerebral oxygenation, primary visual cortex, primary motor cortex, photic stimulation, hypercapnia, echo planar imaging, T1-weighted imaging, deoxyhemoglobin, stimulation frequency dependence, brain activation
MeSH terms
Animals, Brain, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Humans, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Mathematics, Models, Theoretical, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Oxygen, Photic Stimulation, Physical Stimulation, Rabbits, Time Factors, Touch, Visual Cortex

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review