Focal physiological uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism during somatosensory stimulation in human subjects.
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Coupling between cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) was studied using multiple sequential administrations of 15O-labeled radiotracers (half-life, 123 sec) and positron emission tomography. In the resting state an excellent correlation (mean r, 0.87) between CBF and CMRO2 was found when paired measurements of CBF and CMRO2 from multiple (30-48) brain regions were tested in each of 33 normal subjects. Regional uncoupling of CBF and CMRO2 was found, however, during neuronal activation induced by somatosensory stimulation. Stimulus-induced focal augmentation of cerebral blood flow (29% mean) far exceeded the concomitant local increase in tissue metabolic rate (mean, 5%), when resting-state and stimulated-state measurements were obtained in each of 9 subjects. Stimulus duration had no significant effect on response magnitude or on the degree of CBF-CMRO2 uncoupling observed. Dynamic, physiological regulation of CBF by a mechanism (neuronal or biochemical) dependent on neuronal firing per se, but independent of the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen, is hypothesized.
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As neural activity elevates, local oxygen consumption and demand increases, triggering vasodilation of arterioles and capillaries to increase cerebral blood flow.
“As neural activity elevates, local oxygen consumption and demand increases, triggering vasodilation of arterioles and capillaries to increase cerebral blood flow (124), which supplies oxygenated hemoglobin in excess of the metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (125).”
From Electrophysiological source imaging: A noninvasive window to brain dynamics (2018) · cites this paper as [125]
Neuronal activation is associated with a small energy demand: an 8-12% increase in ATP production with visual stimulation in awake human visual cortex and a 5% increase in metabolic rate with somatosensory stimulation in awake somatosensory cortex.
“While fractional changes in neuronal firing frequency are directly proportional to changes in energy use [53], the energy demand associated with neuronal activation appears to be small: there is only a 8–12% increase in ATP production with visual stimulation in the awake human visual cortex [54], and a 5% increase in metabolic rate with somatosensory stimulation in the awake somatosensory cortex [”
From Scaling of Brain Metabolism with a Fixed Energy Budget per Neuron: Implications for Neuronal Activity, Plasticity and Evolution (2011) · cites this paper as [55]
Brain activation increases glucose consumption much more than oxygen consumption.
“However, with brain activation, glucose consumption increases much more than oxygen consumption (Fox and Raichle, 1986; Fox et al., 1988).”
From Neuronal Stimulation Triggers Neuronal Glycolysis and Not Lactate Uptake (2017) · cites this paper as Fox and Raichle, 1986
Immediately after brain activation, oxygen consumption does not rise commensurate with the increases in blood flow and glucose consumption.
“Despite the fact that both glycolysis and oxidative metabolism are elevated after stimulation, there is ample evidence that immediately after brain activation, oxygen consumption does not rise commensurate with the increases in blood flow and glucose consumption.”
From Neuronal Stimulation Triggers Neuronal Glycolysis and Not Lactate Uptake (2017) · cites this paper as Fox and Raichle, 1986
PET studies show that blood flow and glucose consumption are dramatically increased by brain activation, but oxygen consumption barely increases.
“PET studies also show that blood flow and glucose consumption are dramatically increased by brain activation, but oxygen consumption barely increases (Fox and Raichle, 1986; Fox et al., 1988).”
From Neuronal Stimulation Triggers Neuronal Glycolysis and Not Lactate Uptake (2017) · cites this paper as Fox and Raichle, 1986
The OEF relationship is altered in the normal brain only when areas briefly change their activity during specific behaviors.
“This relationship is altered in the normal brain only when areas briefly change their activity during specific behaviors (4, 13).”
From A default mode of brain function (2001) · cites this paper as [4]
Local changes in brain activity are accompanied by changes in blood flow that are significantly larger than the accompanying changes in oxygen consumption.
“Surprisingly, more recently it has been appreciated that these changes in blood flow are accompanied by smaller changes in oxygen consumption (4).”
From A default mode of brain function (2001) · cites this paper as [4]
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Febo, M. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00043 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
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BOLD signal changes can oppose oxygen metabolism across the human cortex
Epp, S. M., Castrillón, G., Yuan, B., Andrews-Hanna, J., Preibisch, C., & Riedl, V. (2026) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-025-02132-9 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
- Authors
- Fox, P. T., & Raichle, M. E.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1986-02
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1140-1144
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC323027
- OpenAlex
- W1967009686
- Cited by
- 2,056
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 76 · 2012: 88
- FWCI
- 16.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 13851)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS14834, NS 06833)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Keywords
- cerebral blood flow, cerebral oxygen consumption, somatosensory stimulation, neuronal activation, regional cerebral blood flow, positron emission tomography, resting state, stimulus duration, neurovascular coupling
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Dominance, Cerebral, Humans, Microcirculation, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Stimulation, Somatosensory Cortex, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Vibration
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