Nonoxidative Glucose Consumption During Focal Physiologic Neural Activity
Abstract
Brain glucose uptake, oxygen metabolism, and blood flow in humans were measured with positron emission tomography, and a resting-state molar ratio of oxygen to glucose consumption of 4.1:1 was obtained. Physiological neural activity, however, increased glucose uptake and blood flow much more (51 and 50 percent, respectively) than oxygen consumption (5 percent) and produced a molar ratio for the increases of 0.4:1. Transient increases in neural activity cause a tissue uptake of glucose in excess of that consumed by oxidative metabolism, acutely consume much less energy than previously believed, and regulate local blood flow for purposes other than oxidative metabolism.
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PET studies in humans have reported increased cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization without a corresponding rise in oxygen consumption during REM sleep.
“Supporting this glycolytic shift hypothesis, PET studies in humans have reported increased cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization without a corresponding rise in oxygen consumption during REM sleep69.”
From Energy paradox in REM sleep: balancing supply and consumption in brain metabolism (2026) · cites this paper as [69]
Aerobic glycolysis persists for at least 40 minutes following cognitively demanding task performance, despite the return of blood flow and lactate production to control levels.
“Curiously, AG persists for at least 40 minutes following cognitive demanding task performance, despite the return of blood flow and lactate production to control levels”
From Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression (2014) · cites this paper as Fox et al., 1988
Uncoupling of glucose metabolism from oxygen consumption is characteristic of the brain's response to imposed tasks.
“Uncoupling of glucose metabolism from oxygen consumption is characteristic of the brain’s response to imposed tasks (‘activation’)”
From Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression (2014) · cites this paper as Fox et al., 1988
The drop in OGI during brain stimulation was the first indication of transient uncoupling of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in the brain.
“The drop in OGI during brain stimulation was the first indication of some transient uncoupling of glycolysis and oxphos in the brain (Fox et al., 1988).”
From Fueling thought: Management of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in neuronal metabolism (2018) · cites this paper as Fox et al., 1988
Brain activation increases glucose consumption much more than oxygen consumption.
“However, with brain activation, glucose consumption increases much more than oxygen consumption (Fox and Raichle, 1986; Fox et al., 1988).”
From Neuronal Stimulation Triggers Neuronal Glycolysis and Not Lactate Uptake (2017) · cites this paper as Fox et al., 1988
PET studies show that blood flow and glucose consumption are dramatically increased by brain activation, but oxygen consumption barely increases.
“PET studies also show that blood flow and glucose consumption are dramatically increased by brain activation, but oxygen consumption barely increases (Fox and Raichle, 1986; Fox et al., 1988).”
From Neuronal Stimulation Triggers Neuronal Glycolysis and Not Lactate Uptake (2017) · cites this paper as Fox et al., 1988
Immediately after brain activation, oxygen consumption does not rise commensurate with the increases in blood flow and glucose consumption.
“Despite the fact that both glycolysis and oxidative metabolism are elevated after stimulation, there is ample evidence that immediately after brain activation, oxygen consumption does not rise commensurate with the increases in blood flow and glucose consumption.”
From Neuronal Stimulation Triggers Neuronal Glycolysis and Not Lactate Uptake (2017) · cites this paper as Fox et al., 1988
The OEF relationship is altered in the normal brain only when areas briefly change their activity during specific behaviors.
“This relationship is altered in the normal brain only when areas briefly change their activity during specific behaviors (4, 13).”
From A default mode of brain function (2001) · cites this paper as [13]
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- Authors
- Fox, P. T., Raichle, M. E., Mintun, M. A., & Dence, C.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1988-07-22
- Volume
- 241
- Issue
- 4864
- Pages
- 462-464
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W1993303421
- Cited by
- 1,796
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 56
- FWCI
- 19.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 13851)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS-07025, NS 06833)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- brain glucose uptake, oxygen consumption, cerebral blood flow, neuronal activity, brain energy metabolism, local blood flow regulation
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Energy Metabolism, Glucose, Humans, Neurons, Oxygen, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Visual Cortex, Visual Perception
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