Oxygenation dependence of the transverse relaxation time of water protons in whole blood at high field

Thulborn, Keith R.; Waterton, John C.; Matthews, Paul M.; Radda, George K.

doi:10.1016/0304-4165(82)90333-6

Cited by 1,134Advanced MRI Techniques and ApplicationsNMR spectroscopy and applicationsAdvanced NMR Techniques and Applications

Oxygenation dependence of the transverse relaxation time of water protons in whole blood at high field

Thulborn, Keith R., Waterton, John C., Matthews, Paul M., Radda, George K.·1982·Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects

DOI 10.1016/0304-4165(82)90333-6

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Abstract

At high and medium magnetic field, the transverse NMR relaxation rate (T-1(2)) of water proteins in blood is determined predominantly by the oxygenation state of haemoglobin. T-1(2) depends quadratically on the field strength and on the proportion of haemoglobin that is deoxygenated. Deoxygenation increases the volume magnetic susceptibility within the erythrocytes and thus creates local field gradients around these cells. From volume susceptibility measurements and the dependence of T-1(2) on the pulse rate in the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill experiment, we show that the increase in T-1(2) with increasing blood deoxygenation arises from diffusion of water through these field gradients.

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The BOLD effect is caused by the varying concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin relative to total hemoglobin.
“What causes the BOLD effect is the varying concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin relative to the total hemoglobin that is either deoxygenated or oxygenated (123).”
From Electrophysiological source imaging: A noninvasive window to brain dynamics (2018) · cites this paper as [123]
As a result, the concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin decreases in capillary and venous vessels, reducing the paramagnetic susceptibility effect and thus increasing the T2*-weighted signal.
“As a result, the concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin decreases in capillary and venous vessels, reducing the paramagnetic susceptibility effect and thus increasing the T2*-weighted signal (123).”
From Electrophysiological source imaging: A noninvasive window to brain dynamics (2018) · cites this paper as [123]
fMRI signal intensity is sensitive to the amount of oxygen carried by hemoglobin.
“Because fMRI signal intensity is sensitive to the amount of oxygen carried by hemoglobin (5-7), this change in blood oxygen content at the site of increased brain activity can be detected with fMRI.”
From A default mode of brain function (2001) · cites this paper as [5]

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Authors: Thulborn, K. R., Waterton, J. C., Matthews, P. M., & Radda, G. K.
Affiliations: University of Oxford (GB)
ORCID: Thulborn, Keith R.
Waterton, John C.
Matthews, Paul M.
Venue: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1982-02
Volume: 714
Issue: 2
Pages: 265-270
ISSN: 0304-4165 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(82)90333-6
OpenAlex: W1980086703
Cited by: 1,134
References: 22
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 47
FWCI: 1.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › NMR spectroscopy and applications
Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Advanced NMR Techniques and Applications
Keywords: T2 relaxation, water protons, whole blood, hemoglobin oxygenation, volume magnetic susceptibility, erythrocytes, diffusion, high magnetic fields, NMR relaxation
MeSH terms: Animals, Body Water, Erythrocytes, Hematocrit, Hemoglobins, Male, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Oxygen, Protons, Rabbits, Rats, Inbred Strains, Rats

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Oxygenation dependence of the transverse relaxation time of water protons in whole blood at high field

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