Cited by 342Evolution and Paleontology StudiesMarine Invertebrate Physiology and EcologyGenomics and Phylogenetic Studies

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Origin of the metazoan phyla: Molecular clocks confirm paleontological estimates

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Ayala, Francisco José, Rzhetsky, Andrey, Ayala, Francisco J.·1998·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.95.2.606PMC PMC18467

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Abstract

The time of origin of the animal phyla is controversial. Abundant fossils from the major animal phyla are found in the Cambrian, starting 544 million years ago. Many paleontologists hold that these phyla originated in the late Neoproterozoic, during the 160 million years preceding the Cambrian fossil explosion. We have analyzed 18 protein-coding gene loci and estimated that protostomes (arthropods, annelids, and mollusks) diverged from deuterostomes (echinoderms and chordates) about 670 million years ago, and chordates from echinoderms about 600 million years ago. Both estimates are consistent with paleontological estimates. A published analysis of seven gene loci that concludes that the corresponding divergence times are 1,200 and 1,000 million years ago is shown to be flawed because it extrapolates from slow-evolving vertebrate rates to faster-evolving invertebrate rates, as well as in other ways.

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Lathe, R. (2002) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/s0039-128x(02)00044-2 · Cited by 104
Crustacean disparity through the Phanerozoic: comparing morphological and stratigraphic data
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Neoproterozoic extensional detachment in central Madagascar: implications for the collapse of the East African Orogen
Collins, A. S., Razakamanana, T., & Windley, B. F. (2000) · Geological Magazine · doi:10.1017/s001675680000354x · Cited by 106
Who came first--larvae or adults? origins of bilaterian metazoan larvae
Sly, B. J., Smith, M. S., & Raff, R. A. (2003) · The International Journal of Developmental Biology · doi:10.1387/ijdb.14756338 · Cited by 105
EVOLUTION OF PLANT PARASITISM AMONG NEMATODES
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“Nematodes are of relatively ancient origin, probably arising in the early Cambrian (4, 79) although some investigators have suggested they may be nearly twice that age (103).”
Background
Cytochrome P450 1 Genes in Early Deuterostomes (Tunicates and Sea Urchins) and Vertebrates (Chicken and Frog): Origin and Diversification of the CYP1 Gene Family
Goldstone, J. V., Goldstone, H. M. H., Morrison, A. M., Tarrant, A. M., Kern, S. E., Woodin, B. R., & Stegeman, J. J. (2007) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msm200 · Cited by 104
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Background
The Mitochondrial Genome of the Hemichordate Balanoglossus carnosus and the Evolution of Deuterostome Mitochondria
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“The Cnidaria phylum is supposed to have diverged about 700 Million years (My) ago, preceding the cambrian explosion, a period when most ancestors to bilaterian species arose Raff (1996), Nielsen (1997), Ayala and Rzhetsky (1998). Most cnidarians are marine animals that display a radial symmetry, either as a polyp or a…”
BackgroundInfluential
The Emergence and Loss of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in Protostomes: Orthology, Phylogeny, Structure, and Function1
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“The precise timing of this divergence is currently unclear, but has been estimated to occur between 670 MYA and 1 billion years ago [3, 4].”
Background
Recurrent horizontal transfer of arsenite methyltransferase genes facilitated adaptation of life to arsenic
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Authors: Ayala, F. J., Rzhetsky, A., & Ayala, F. J.
Affiliations: Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
Pennsylvania State University (US)
ORCID: Rzhetsky, Andrey
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 1998-01-20
Volume: 95
Issue: 2
Pages: 606-611
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.2.606
PMC: PMC18467
OpenAlex: W2146480768
Cited by: 342
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 41.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5p01gm042397-05)
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM 42397)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
Keywords: divergence time estimation, Cambrian explosion, Neoproterozoic, protein-coding genes, molecular clock rates, invertebrate evolution, arthropods, Annelida, Mollusca, Echinodermata
MeSH terms: Animals, Fossils, Phylogeny, Proteins, Evolution, Molecular

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Origin of the metazoan phyla: Molecular clocks confirm paleontological estimates

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