Cited by 342Evolution and Paleontology StudiesMarine Invertebrate Physiology and EcologyGenomics and Phylogenetic Studies

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Origin of the metazoan phyla: Molecular clocks confirm paleontological estimates

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Ayala, Francisco José, Rzhetsky, Andrey, Ayala, Francisco J.·1998·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.95.2.606PMC PMC18467

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Abstract

The time of origin of the animal phyla is controversial. Abundant fossils from the major animal phyla are found in the Cambrian, starting 544 million years ago. Many paleontologists hold that these phyla originated in the late Neoproterozoic, during the 160 million years preceding the Cambrian fossil explosion. We have analyzed 18 protein-coding gene loci and estimated that protostomes (arthropods, annelids, and mollusks) diverged from deuterostomes (echinoderms and chordates) about 670 million years ago, and chordates from echinoderms about 600 million years ago. Both estimates are consistent with paleontological estimates. A published analysis of seven gene loci that concludes that the corresponding divergence times are 1,200 and 1,000 million years ago is shown to be flawed because it extrapolates from slow-evolving vertebrate rates to faster-evolving invertebrate rates, as well as in other ways.

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Background

Authors: Ayala, F. J., Rzhetsky, A., & Ayala, F. J.
Affiliations: Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
Pennsylvania State University (US)
ORCID: Rzhetsky, Andrey
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 1998-01-20
Volume: 95
Issue: 2
Pages: 606-611
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.2.606
PMC: PMC18467
OpenAlex: W2146480768
Cited by: 342
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 41.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5p01gm042397-05)
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM 42397)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
Keywords: divergence time estimation, Cambrian explosion, Neoproterozoic, protein-coding genes, molecular clock rates, invertebrate evolution, arthropods, Annelida, Mollusca, Echinodermata
MeSH terms: Animals, Fossils, Phylogeny, Proteins, Evolution, Molecular

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Origin of the metazoan phyla: Molecular clocks confirm paleontological estimates

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