Cited by 154Thyroid Disorders and TreatmentsReceptor Mechanisms and SignalingEstrogen and related hormone effects

Thyroxine-thyroid hormone receptor interactions

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Sandler, Ben, Webb, Paul, Apriletti, James W., Huber, B. Russell, Togashi, Marie, Lima, Suzana T. Cunha, Juric, Sanja, Nilsson, Stefan +3 more·2004·Journal of Biological Chemistry

Abstract

Thyroid hormone (TH) actions are mediated by nuclear receptors (TRs alpha and beta) that bind triiodothyronine (T(3), 3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyronine) with high affinity, and its precursor thyroxine (T(4), 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodo-l-thyronine) with lower affinity. T(4) contains a bulky 5' iodine group absent from T(3). Because T(3) is buried in the core of the ligand binding domain (LBD), we have predicted that TH analogues with 5' substituents should fit poorly into the ligand binding pocket and perhaps behave as antagonists. We therefore examined how T(4) affects TR activity and conformation. We obtained several lines of evidence (ligand dissociation kinetics, migration on hydrophobic interaction columns, and non-denaturing gels) that TR-T(4) complexes adopt a conformation that differs from TR-T(3) complexes in solution. Nonetheless, T(4) behaves as an agonist in vitro (in effects on coregulator and DNA binding) and in cells, when conversion to T(3) does not contribute to agonist activity. We determined x-ray crystal structures of the TRbeta LBD in complex with T(3) and T(4) at 2.5-A and 3.1-A resolution. Comparison of the structures reveals that TRbeta accommodates T(4) through subtle alterations in the loop connecting helices 11 and 12 and amino acid side chains in the pocket, which, together, enlarge a niche that permits helix 12 to pack over the 5' iodine and complete the coactivator binding surface. While T(3) is the major active TH, our results suggest that T(4) could activate nuclear TRs at appropriate concentrations. The ability of TR to adapt to the 5' extension should be considered in TR ligand design.

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  • Thyroid hormone receptor proteins bind triiodothyronine with greater than 10-fold affinity than thyroxine.

    “The protein receptors bind T 3 with greater (>10Â) affinity than T 4 (8).”

    From Thyroid Hormones and Cardiovascular Function and Diseases (2018) · cites this paper as [8]

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  1. [27]27. Yuan, C. X., Ito, M., Fondell, J. D., Fu, Z. Y., and Roeder, R. G. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95, 7939-7944
  2. [39]39. Borngraeber, S., Budny, M. J., Chiellini, G., Cunha-Lima, S. T., Togashi, M., Webb, P., Baxter, J. D., Scanlan, T. S., and Fletterick, R. J. (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100, 15358-15363

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Authors
Sandler, B., Webb, P., Apriletti, J. W., Huber, B. R., Togashi, M., Lima, S. T. C., Juric, S., Nilsson, S., Wagner, R., Fletterick, R. J., & Baxter, J. D.
Affiliations
  • University of California, San Francisco (US)
  • Karo Pharma (Sweden) (SE)
Corresponding author
Baxter, John D.
Venue
Journal of Biological Chemistry
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2004-12
Volume
279
Issue
53
Pages
55801-55808
ISSN
0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2170170098
Cited by
152
References
38
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
FWCI
3.30
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion)
  • LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK064148, DK41842, DK-64148, DK-58390, R01DK041842, P01DK058390)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
Keywords
thyroxine, triiodothyronine, thyroid hormone receptor beta, nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain, receptor conformation, ligand binding affinity, coactivator binding, receptor agonist activity, crystal structure, ligand design
MeSH terms
Animals, Chromatography, DNA, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel, Glutathione Transferase, Cricetinae, Iodine, Kinetics, Ligands, Models, Chemical, Models, Molecular, Protein Binding, Protein Conformation, Receptors, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroxine, Time Factors, Transfection, Triiodothyronine, CHO Cells, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Crystallography, X-Ray, Dimerization

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