Leucine carboxyl methyltransferase-1 is necessary for normal progression through mitosis in mammalian cells
Open accessAbstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a multifunctional phosphatase that plays important roles in many cellular processes including regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis. Because PP2A is involved in so many diverse processes, it is highly regulated by both non-covalent and covalent mechanisms that are still being defined. In this study we have investigated the importance of leucine carboxyl methyltransferase-1 (LCMT-1) for PP2A methylation and cell function. We show that reduction of LCMT-1 protein levels by small hairpin RNAs causes up to a 70% reduction in PP2A methylation in HeLa cells, indicating that LCMT-1 is the major mammalian PP2A methyltransferase. In addition, LCMT-1 knockdown reduced the formation of PP2A heterotrimers containing the Balpha regulatory subunit and, in a subset of the cells, induced apoptosis, characterized by caspase activation, nuclear condensation/fragmentation, and membrane blebbing. Knockdown of the PP2A Balpha regulatory subunit induced a similar amount of apoptosis, suggesting that LCMT-1 induces apoptosis in part by disrupting the formation of PP2A(BalphaAC) heterotrimers. Treatment with a pan-caspase inhibitor partially rescued cells from apoptosis induced by LCMT-1 or Balpha knockdown. LCMT-1 knockdown cells and Balpha knockdown cells were more sensitive to the spindle-targeting drug nocodazole, suggesting that LCMT-1 and Balpha are important for spindle checkpoint. Treatment of LCMT-1 and Balpha knockdown cells with thymidine dramatically reduced cell death, presumably by blocking progression through mitosis. Consistent with these results, homozygous gene trap knock-out of LCMT-1 in mice resulted in embryonic lethality. Collectively, our results indicate that LCMT-1 is important for normal progression through mitosis and cell survival and is essential for embryonic development in mice.
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A rather similar phenotype was observed in Lcmt1 knockout mice lacking detectable LCMT-1, which is predicted to majorly affect PP2A holoenzyme formation with B55 subunits.
“Interestingly, a rather similar phenotype was observed in Lcmt1 KO mice, lacking any detectable expression of the PP2A methyltransferase LCMT-1, which is predicted to majorly affect PP2A holoenzyme formation with B55 subunits [26,[39][40][41].”
From Physiologic functions of PP2A: Lessons from genetically modified mice (2019) · cites this paper as [39]
Constitutive Lcmt1 knockout is embryonically lethal, and constitutive Ppme1 knockout is perinatally lethal at P1 due to inability to start normal breathing or suckling.
“constitutive KO of Lcmt1 was embryonically lethal, and constitutive KO of Ppme1 resulted in perinatal lethality, with all mice dying at P1 due to lack of ability to start normal breathing or suckling [39,56].”
From Physiologic functions of PP2A: Lessons from genetically modified mice (2019) · cites this paper as [39]
At E12.5, Lcmt1 gt/gt embryos have misshapen eyes.
“-At E12.5: reduced embryo and liver weight; fetal liver hematopoiesis | defect (all lineages affected); misshapen eyes; indentation of the back | of the head”
From Physiologic functions of PP2A: Lessons from genetically modified mice (2019) · cites this paper as [39]
At E12.5, Lcmt1 gt/gt embryos have a fetal liver hematopoiesis defect affecting all lineages.
“-At E12.5: reduced embryo and liver weight; fetal liver hematopoiesis | defect (all lineages affected); misshapen eyes; indentation of the back | of the head”
From Physiologic functions of PP2A: Lessons from genetically modified mice (2019) · cites this paper as [39]
In mice with a gene-trap insertion in the first intron of Lcmt1 (German Gene Trap consortium clone), embryonic lethality occurs between E14.5 and E16.5, with 5% dying before E12.5.
“-Embryonic lethality between E14.5 and E16.5 (5% die before E12.5) [26,39,41]”
From Physiologic functions of PP2A: Lessons from genetically modified mice (2019) · cites this paper as [39]
At E12.5, Lcmt1 gt/gt embryos have an indentation of the back of the head.
“-At E12.5: reduced embryo and liver weight; fetal liver hematopoiesis | defect (all lineages affected); misshapen eyes; indentation of the back | of the head”
From Physiologic functions of PP2A: Lessons from genetically modified mice (2019) · cites this paper as [39]
In Lcmt1 -/- E14.5 MEFs, methylation of PP2A, PP4 and PP6 is decreased.
“-In -/-E14.5 MEFs: decreased methylation of PP2A, PP4 and PP6; | selective defects in PP2A-B55 and PP4-PPP4R1 complex formation”
From Physiologic functions of PP2A: Lessons from genetically modified mice (2019) · cites this paper as [39]
In Lcmt1 -/- E14.5 MEFs, formation of PP2A-B55 and PP4-PPP4R1 complexes is selectively defective.
“-In -/-E14.5 MEFs: decreased methylation of PP2A, PP4 and PP6; | selective defects in PP2A-B55 and PP4-PPP4R1 complex formation”
From Physiologic functions of PP2A: Lessons from genetically modified mice (2019) · cites this paper as [39]
At E12.5, Lcmt1 gt/gt embryos have reduced embryo and liver weight.
“-At E12.5: reduced embryo and liver weight; fetal liver hematopoiesis | defect (all lineages affected); misshapen eyes; indentation of the back | of the head”
From Physiologic functions of PP2A: Lessons from genetically modified mice (2019) · cites this paper as [39]
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- Authors
- Lee, J. A., & Pallas, D. C.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pallas, David C.
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-10
- Volume
- 282
- Issue
- 42
- Pages
- 30974-30984
- ISSN
- 0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3516869
- OpenAlex
- W2030633377
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Emory University
- Broad Institute
- National Institutes of Health
- National Cancer Institute (HCT116, CA57327, CA1236402, R01CA057327)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Microtubule and mitosis dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
- Keywords
- protein phosphatase 2A, spindle assembly checkpoint, apoptosis, caspase activation, embryonic lethality, cell cycle regulation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Membrane, Cell Nucleus, Cell Survival, HeLa Cells, Humans, Methylation, Methyltransferases, Mitosis, Spindle Apparatus, Protease Inhibitors, Protein O-Methyltransferase, Protein Processing, Post-Translational, Thymidine, Nocodazole, Cell Death, Apoptosis, Mice, Knockout, Caspases, Embryo Loss, Protein Subunits, Tubulin Modulators, Mice, DNA Fragmentation, Protein Phosphatase 2, Caspase Inhibitors
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