The biogenesis of active protein phosphatase 2A holoenzymes: a tightly regulated process creating phosphatase specificity
Abstract
Protein phosphatase type 2A (PP2A) enzymes constitute a large family of Ser/Thr phosphatases with multiple functions in cellular signaling and physiology. The composition of heterotrimeric PP2A holoenzymes, resulting from the combinatorial assembly of a catalytic C subunit, a structural A subunit, and regulatory B‐type subunit, provides the essential determinants for substrate specificity, subcellular targeting, and fine‐tuning of phosphatase activity, largely explaining why PP2A is functionally involved in so many diverse physiological processes, sometimes in seemingly opposing ways. In this review, we highlight how PP2A holoenzyme biogenesis and enzymatic activity are controlled by a sophisticatedly coordinated network of five PP2A modulators, consisting of α4, phosphatase 2A phosphatase activator (PTPA), leucine carboxyl methyl transferase 1 (LCMT1), PP2A methyl esterase 1 (PME‐1) and, potentially, target of rapamycin signaling pathway regulator‐like 1 (TIPRL1), which serve to prevent promiscuous phosphatase activity until the holoenzyme is completely assembled. Likewise, these modulators may come into play when PP2A holoenzymes are disassembled following particular cellular stresses. Malfunctioning of these cellular control mechanisms contributes to human disease. The potential therapeutic benefits or pitfalls of interfering with these regulatory mechanisms will be briefly discussed.
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PP2A functions as a protein complex consisting of either a core dimer between the scaffolding A subunit (PR65) and the catalytic subunit PP2Ac, or a trimer in which one of the regulatory B subunits interacts with the AC core dimer.
“PP2A functions as a protein complex consisting of either a core dimer between the scaffolding A subunit (PR65) and the catalytic subunit PP2Ac, or a trimer in which one of the regulatory B subunits interacts with the AC core dimer [24]”
From Oncoprotein CIP2A is stabilized via interaction with tumor suppressor PP2A/B56 (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
Different B subunits mediate the substrate specificity of the PP2A trimer.
“different B subunits mediate the substrate specificity of the PP2A trimer [24]”
From Oncoprotein CIP2A is stabilized via interaction with tumor suppressor PP2A/B56 (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
Binding of CIP2A to PP2A via specific B subunits may explain why CIP2A only regulates a fairly restricted number of phosphoproteins among thousands of potential target proteins regulated by different PP2A complexes.
“Binding of CIP2A to PP2A via specific B subunits imposes an interesting possible explanation for observations that CIP2A only regulates a fairly restricted number of phosphoproteins [6,13] among thousands of potential target proteins regulated by different PP2A complexes [24,26].”
From Oncoprotein CIP2A is stabilized via interaction with tumor suppressor PP2A/B56 (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In addition to about twenty PP2A subunit genes, five genes encode major regulators of active PP2A trimer assembly and at least seven genes encode cellular PP2A inhibitors.
“Besides twenty PP2A subunit encoding genes, some of which are tissue-specifically expressed, five additional genes encode major regulators of active PP2A trimer assembly, and at least seven genes encode cellular PP2A inhibitors”
From Physiologic functions of PP2A: Lessons from genetically modified mice (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
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Self-citationThe Yeast Phosphotyrosyl Phosphatase Activator Is Part of the Tap42–Phosphatase Complexes
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Microcystin-LR (MCLR) Induces a Compensation of PP2A Activity Mediated by α4 Protein in HEK293 Cells
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The Phosphotyrosyl Phosphatase Activator of Protein Phosphatase 2A
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Self-citationBinding of lactoferrin to IGBP1 triggers apoptosis in a lung adenocarcinoma cell line.
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α4 phosphoprotein interacts with EDD E3 ubiquitin ligase and poly(A)‐binding protein
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All roads lead to <scp>PP</scp>2A: exploiting the therapeutic potential of this phosphatase
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Protein phosphatase 2A dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease
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Phosphatase PP2A is requisite for the function of regulatory T cells
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A PP1-PP2A phosphatase relay controls mitotic progression
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Selective PP2A enhancement through biased heterotrimer stabilization
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Structure, Regulation, and Pharmacological Modulation of PP2A Phosphatases
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Self-citationPhysiologic functions of PP2A: Lessons from genetically modified mice
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The basic biology of PP2A in hematologic cells and malignancies
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PP2A Inactivation Mediated by <i>PPP2R4</i> Haploinsufficiency Promotes Cancer Development
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Self-citationThe ubiquitin E3 ligase NOSIP modulates protein phosphatase 2A activity in craniofacial development
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Patterning and gastrulation defects caused by the<i>tw18</i>lethal are due to loss of<i>Ppp2r1a</i>
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MacKay, K. B., Tu, Y., Young, S. G., & Clarke, S. G. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065967 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sents, W., Ivanova, E., Lambrecht, C., Haesen, D., & Janssens, V.
- Affiliations
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Janssens, Veerle
- Venue
- The FEBS Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-04-25
- Volume
- 280
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 644-661
- ISSN
- 1742-464X (ISSN-L)
- 1742-4658
- OpenAlex
- W1738931535
- Cited by
- 204
- References
- 148
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- FEBS Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Signaling Pathways in Disease
- Keywords
- protein phosphatase 2A, PP2A dephosphorylation, substrate specificity, phosphatase regulation
- MeSH terms
- Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases, Humans, Models, Biological, Phosphoprotein Phosphatases, Protein O-Methyltransferase, Substrate Specificity, Molecular Chaperones, Holoenzymes, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, Protein Phosphatase 2
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