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The Key Role of Anaplerosis and Cataplerosis for Citric Acid Cycle Function
Open accessAbstract
tricarboxylic acid cycle phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase phosphoenolpyruvate The oxidation of acetyl-CoA to CO2by the TCA1 cycle is the central process in energy metabolism. However, the TCA cycle also functions in biosynthetic pathways in which intermediates leave the cycle to be converted primarily to glucose, fatty acids, or non-essential amino acids. If TCA cycle anions are removed from the cycle they must be replaced to permit its continued function. This process is termed anaplerosis. Pyruvate carboxylase, which generates oxalacetate directly in the mitochondria, is the major anaplerotic enzyme. Conversely, 4- and 5-carbon intermediates enter the TCA cycle during the catabolism of amino acids. Because the TCA cycle cannot fully oxidize 4- and 5-carbon compounds, these intermediates must be removed from the cycle by a process termedcataplerosis. Cataplerosis may be linked to biosynthetic processes such as gluconeogenesis in the liver and kidney cortex, fatty acid synthesis in the liver, and glyceroneogenesis in adipose tissue. Cataplerotic enzymes present in many mammalian tissues include P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and citrate lyase. In this review we have evaluated the roles of anaplerosis and cataplerosis in whole body metabolism. The expression anaplerotic sequences was a term used in biochemistry by Sir Hans Kornberg (1Kornberg H.L. Essays Biochem. 1966; 2: 1-31Crossref Scopus (359) Google Scholar) to describe a series of enzymatic reactions or pathways that replenish the pools of metabolic intermediates in the TCA cycle. These intermediates are critical for the functioning of the TCA cycle, the primary role of which is the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to carbon dioxide. The pool of TCA cycle intermediates is sufficient to sustain the oxidative carbon flux over a fairly wide range, so that during high energy consumption (e.g. exercise) or during lower energy consumption (e.g. fasting), there is not a large change in the pool size of TCA intermediates (2Graham T.E. Gibala M.J. Richter E.A. Galbo H. Kiens B. Saltin B. Skeletal Muscle Metabolism in Exercise and Diabetes. Plenum Press, New York1998: 271-286Google Scholar). However, in several physiological states, there is a large influx (anaplerosis) of 4- and 5-carbon intermediates into the TCA cycle. Because the TCA cycle cannot act as a carbon sink, anaplerosis must be coupled with the exit of intermediates from the cycle via cataplerosis. The importance of anaplerotic reactions for cellular metabolism is thus apparent. However, the coupling of this process with cataplerosis and the roles that both pathways play in the regulation of amino acid, glucose, and fatty acid metabolism have not been emphasized to a sufficient extent. The terms anaplerosis and cataplerosis describe reciprocal and correlative reactions involved in the function of the TCA cycle. The enzymatic steps in these processes have long been known, but the overall concept of a linkage between anaplerosis and cataplerosis should be underscored, because the balance between these two processes controls the entry and exit of TCA cycle anions. Anaplerotic and cataplerotic reactions are involved in the ultimate disposal of all metabolic intermediates. The metabolic role of anaplerosis and cataplerosis in amino acid metabolism varies with specific organs and is dependent on the nutritional/metabolic status of the individual. During feeding, the intestine is an important site of catabolism of enterally derived amino acids, whereas in the starved state amino acid catabolism occurs primarily in the kidney, liver, and muscle. The catabolism of amino acids produces gluconeogenic or ketogenic precursors (Table I). The disposal of gluconeogenic anions in the TCA cycle employs anaplerotic and cataplerotic pathways for their terminal oxidation. The only known pathway for the terminal oxidation of leucine is through acetoacetate to acetyl-CoA and subsequent oxidation in the TCA cycle. However, other amino acids also have for their disposal alternate ketogenic pathways for terminal oxidation. Thus, the ketogenic amino acids from proteolysis can be terminally oxidized in muscle, whereas the gluconeogenic amino acids are dependent upon anaplerosis and cataplerosis for conversion to glucose in the liver and kidney before oxidation to CO2 and H2O.Table IMetabolic fates of amino acids in the TCA cycle1. Amino acids converted to pyruvate Alanine, serine, glycine, threonine, cysteine, tryptophan2. Amino acids converted to oxaloacetate Aspartate, asparagine3. Amino acids converted to α-ketoglutarate Glutamate, glutamine, proline, histidine, arginine4. Amino acids converted to fumarate Phenylalanine, tyrosine5. Amino acids converted to succinyl-CoA Methionine, isoleucine, valine6. Amino acids converted to acetyl-CoA Leucine, isoleucine, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, threonine Open table in a new tab The first reaction of the TCA cycle,
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“Pyruvate, derived from glucose, lactate, and amino acid sources, can function as a major anaplerotic source of OAA through the activity of the mitochondrial enzyme pyruvate carboxylase (PC) (37).”
From Regulation and function of the mammalian tricarboxylic acid cycle (2023) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“Cataplerosis of any TCA cycle intermediate requires compensatory input to sustain TCA cycle activity, a process termed “anaplerosis” (37).”
From Regulation and function of the mammalian tricarboxylic acid cycle (2023) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“Among the mitochondrial functions that may be relevant for white adipose tissue function are the anaplerotic generation of metabolic intermediates for fatty acid synthesis and esterification (159), the maintenance of a robust pathway for the folding and secretion of high abundance circulating proteins such as adiponectin (160), and interactions between mitochondrial function and components of the”
From The role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [159]
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“As a cataplerotic pathway of the TCA cycle, PEPCK also interacts with cellular energy metabolism (33).”
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“In addition, Gln plays significant role in metabolism of amino acids, replenishes intermediates of the Krebs cycle, improves glucose utilization [43, 44], has antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory actions, and stimulates HSP72 [45].”
BackgroundAbnormal early folliculogenesis due to impeded pyruvate metabolism in mouse oocytes
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“Pyruvate is metabolized to AcCoA as well as oxaloacetate, which are not directly transported into mitochondria [40], and their sufficient supply may ensure efficient turnover of the TCA cycle (anaplerotic reactions) [41].”
BackgroundPhysiological responses to acute fasting: implications for intermittent fasting programs
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Maternal Pre-Existing Diabetes: A Non-Inherited Risk Factor for Congenital Cardiopathies
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“These are replenished by the process of anaplerosis, which involves 5 reactions: production of oxaloacetate from pyruvate catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase; reversible conversion of aspartate to oxaloacetate catalyzed by aspartate transaminase; generation of a-ketoglutarate from glutamate catalyzed by glutamate dehydr…”
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Mitochondrial carriers in inflammation induced by bacterial endotoxin and cytokines
Iacobazzi, V., Infantino, V., Castegna, A., Menga, A., Palmieri, E. M., Convertini, P., & Palmieri, F. (2016) · Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1515/hsz-2016-0260 · Cited by 21
“, 2013), which suggests that succinate is mainly derived from other sources than the TCA cycle, such as glutamine metabolism via anaplerosis (Owen et al., 2002) through α-ketoglutarate as well as from the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt (Tannahill et al.”
BackgroundXie, S., Yang, X., Wang, D., Zhu, F., Yang, N., Hou, Z., & Ning, Z. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191096 · Cited by 22
Ye, S., Xu, P., Huang, M., Chen, X., Zeng, S., Wang, Q., Chen, J., Li, K., Gao, W., Liu, R., et al. (2020) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-020-2499-8 · Cited by 22
Distinct Basal Metabolism in Three Mouse Models of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Menzies, C., Naz, S., Patten, D. A., Alquier, T., Bennett, B. M., & Lacoste, B. (2021) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0292-20.2021 · Cited by 22
“1C) body weight and lean mass. Increased levels of plasma anaplerotic amino acids could result from increased muscular proteolysis, decreased glucogenesis and/or decreased oxidation and anaplerotic influx in the TCA cycle (Chang and Goldberg, 1978; Owen et al., 2002).”
BackgroundPin, L., Ji, H., Li, C., Chen, L., & Du, Z. (2015) · 中国科学通报：英文版 · doi:10.1007/s11434-015-0833-9 · Cited by 22
“Furthermore, mitochondria are the important site of fatty acid oxidation [45].”
BackgroundAmino Acids, Glutamine, and Protein Metabolism in Very Low Birth Weight Infants
Parimi, P. S., Kadrofske, M. M., Gruca, L. L., Hanson, R. W., & Kalhan, S. C. (2005) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/01.pdr.0000185130.90205.1f · Cited by 22
“Because cataplerosis from TCA cycle is balanced with the inflow of carbon precursors (anaplerosis) (10), a higher glutamine flux would be expected in response to increased parenteral amino acid infusion.”
BackgroundMithieux, G., Rajas, F., & Zitoun, C. (2006) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2006.08.020 · Cited by 24
Horn, E. J., Read, C. C., Edwards, J. L., Schrick, F. N., Rhinehart, J., Payton, R. R., Campagna, S. R., Klabnik, J. L., Clark, H. M., Myer, P. R., et al. (2022) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skac152 · Cited by 21
Glutamine Metabolism and Prostate Cancer
Erb, H. H. H., Polishchuk, N., Stasyk, O. V., Kahya, U., Weigel, M. M., & Dubrovska, A. (2024) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers16162871 · Cited by 23
“TCA reactions supply precursors for the biosynthetic pathways and provide NADH and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2) for the electron transport chain (ETC) [22,23].”
BackgroundAlteration of mitochondrial function in adult rat offspring of malnourished dams
Reusens, B. (2011) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v2.i9.149 · Cited by 23
Mangiferin Accelerates Glycolysis and Enhances Mitochondrial Bioenergetics
Liu, Z., Apontes, P., Fomenko, E., Chi, N., Schuster, V. L., Kurland, I. J., Pessin, J. E., & Chi, Y. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19010201 · Cited by 21
“Pyruvate enters the TCA cycle mainly via two possible pathways, pyruvate decarboxylation by pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) to form acetyl-CoA, whose subsequent metabolites feed into the ETC for mitochondrial respiration to produce energy, or carboxylation by pyruvate carboxylase to form oxaloacetate, which participates…”
BackgroundMa, H., Liu, Y., Tang, L., Ding, H., Bao, X., Song, F., Zhu, M., & Li, W. (2019) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2019.02.012 · Cited by 21
“, 2016), and increasing Complex II activity could possibly control lipid overloading and restore the hemostasis of fatty acids and sterol in neurodegenerative disorders, and mediate neuronal death through excitotoxicity and NMDA dependent signaling (Jodeiri Farshbaf and Kiani-Esfahani, 2018; Owen et al., 2002; Taghibi…”
Impaired anaplerosis is a major contributor to glycolysis inhibitor toxicity in glioma
Khadka, S., Arthur, K., Barekatain, Y., Behr, E., Washington, M., Ackroyd, J. J., Crowley, K., Suriyamongkol, P., Lin, Y.-H., Pham, C.-D., et al. (2021) · Cancer & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s40170-021-00259-4 · Cited by 21
Pham, K., Hanaford, A. R., Poore, B., Maxwell, M. J., Sweeney, H., Parthasarathy, A., Alt, J., Rais, R., Slusher, B. S., Eberhart, C. G., et al. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14051311 · Cited by 21
“This phenomenon may be considered as an anaplerotic reaction to replenish the neurotransmitter pool and for macromolecular synthesis through the TCA cycle in the brain [59].”
BackgroundAgmatine Stimulates Hepatic Fatty Acid Oxidation
Nissim, I., Daikhin, Y., Nissim, I., Luhovyy, B. L., Horyn, O., Wehrli, S. L., & Yudkoff, M. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m506984200 · Cited by 21
Rhodamine-based sensor for real-time imaging of mitochondrial ATP in living fibroblasts
de la Fuente-Herreruela, D., González-Charro, V., Almendro‐Vedia, V. G., Morán, M., Martín, M. A., Lillo, M. P., Natale, P., & López‐Montero, I. (2017) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.09.004 · Cited by 21
“Under these conditions, the membrane potential was not affected, as glutamine, present in the complete DMEM medium, feeds into the TCA cycle via alpha-ketoglutarate providing succinate and the reducing equivalents NADH or FADH2 to partly compensate the lack of pyruvate [28,35].”
BackgroundThe role of GOT1 in cancer metabolism
Peng, H., Dou, H., he, S., Xie, Y., Zhang, Q., & Zheng, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2024.1519046 · Cited by 21
Zhou, N., Wilkes, R. A., Chen, X., Teitel, K. P., Belgrave, J. A., Beckham, G. T., Werner, A. Z., Yu, Y., & Aristilde, L. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-08723-3 · Cited by 22
“Thecataplerotic and anaplerotic nodes, which distribute respectively carbon fl uxes from the TCA cycle to gluconeogenesis and from lower glycolysis to the TCA cycle 54 , have implications for cofactor balance (Fig.”
Goncalves, J. F., Yu, W. C., Guo, X., Rha, K., LeBoeuf, B., Zhang, L., Estler, K., & Garcia, L. R. (2020) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.100990 · Cited by 20
Urine tricarboxylic acid cycle signatures of early-stage diabetic kidney disease
Lunyera, J., Diamantidis, C. J., Bosworth, H. B., Patel, U. D., Bain, J. R., Muehlbauer, M. J., Ilkayeva, O., Nguyen, M., Sharma, B., Ma, J. Z., et al. (2021) · Metabolomics · doi:10.1007/s11306-021-01858-4 · Cited by 22
“Methylmalonate is an anapleurotic metabolite, connecting branched chain amino acid metabolism to the TCA cycle (Owen et al., 2002).”
BackgroundTargeting mitochondrial metabolism with CPI-613 in chemoresistant ovarian tumors
Udumula, M. P., Rashid, F., Singh, H., Pardee, T., Luther, S., Bhardwaj, T., Anjaly, K., Piloni, S., Hijaz, M., Gogoi, R. P., et al. (2024) · Journal of Ovarian Research · doi:10.1186/s13048-024-01546-6 · Cited by 20
Primordial Oil Slick and the Formation of Hydrophobic Tetrapyrrole Macrocycles
Soares, A. R. M., Taniguchi, M., Chandrashaker, V., & Lindsey, J. S. (2012) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2012.0857 · Cited by 19
“The fivecarbon compound 4,5-dioxovaleric acid is a reduction product of a-ketoglutaric acid, an intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (Owen et al., 2002).”
BackgroundMetabolism in Immune Cell Differentiation and Function
Chapman, N. M., Shrestha, S., & Chi, H. (2017) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1170-6_1 · Cited by 22
Xu, W., Qian, M., Huang, C., Cui, P., Li, W., Du, Q., Yi, S., Shi, X., Guo, Y., Zheng, J., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.00817 · Cited by 20
Lipid Production from Amino Acid Wastes by the Oleaginous Yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides
Li, Q., Kamal, R., Wang, Q., Yu, X., & Zhao, Z. K. (2020) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en13071576 · Cited by 20
“It is well known that the carbon skeletons of AAs upon transamination or deamination can be further converted into metabolites, such as pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, acetoacetyl-CoA, or citric acid cycle intermediates [13,28,29], and those intermediates can be used to synthesize fatty acids and lipids.”
BackgroundLiu, G., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Cai, J., Lv, X., & Zhou, A. (2011) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf104129k · Cited by 20
Lancha, A. H., POORTMANS, J. R., & Pereira, L. O. (2009) · Cell Biochemistry and Function · doi:10.1002/cbf.1606 · Cited by 20
Glioblastomas: Hijacking Metabolism to Build a Flexible Shield for Therapy Resistance
Bailleul, J., & Vlashi, E. (2023) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2022.0088 · Cited by 22
“Glutamate can then participate in numerous cellular processes, including glutathione synthesis, SBP, and anaplerosis, defined as the replenishment of metabolites in the TCA cycle (Owen et al., 2002) (Fig.”
GLUD1 determines murine muscle stem cell fate by controlling mitochondrial glutamate levels
Soro-Arnáiz, I., Fitzgerald, G., Cherkaoui, S., Zhang, J., Gilardoni, P. A., Ghosh, A., Bar‐Nur, O., Masschelein, E., Maechler, P., Zamboni, N., et al. (2024) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2024.07.015 · Cited by 20
Liu, G., Fang, T., Yan, T., Jia, G., Zhao, H. Y., Chen, X., Wu, C., & Wang, J. (2014) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c4ra09975c · Cited by 19
Notch and Wnt Signaling Modulation to Enhance DPSC Stemness and Therapeutic Potential
Uribe‐Etxebarria, V., Pineda, J. R., García-Gallastegui, P., Agliano, A., Unda, F. J., & Ibarretxe, G. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24087389 · Cited by 19
“Likely, this increased metabolic influx to mitochondria would be directed to sustain the generation of citrate, which can be rapidly exported to the cytosol by cataplerosis [87].”
BackgroundAge‐related changes of skeletal muscle metabolic response to contraction are also sex‐dependent
Campbell, M. D., Djukovic, D., Raftery, D., & Marcinek, D. J. (2023) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp285124 · Cited by 17
“Given the central nature of the citric acid cycle in metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats, it is not surprising that this pathway remains activated in age (Owen et al., 2002).”
MTCH2 controls energy demand and expenditure to fuel anabolism during adipogenesis
Chourasia, S., Petucci, C. J., Shoffler, C. A., Abbasian, D., Wang, H., Han, X., Sivan, E., Brandis, A. S., Mehlman, T., Malitsky, S., et al. (2025) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/s44318-024-00335-7 · Cited by 20
“Acetyl-CoA ’ s primary role is to deliver the acetyl group to the TCA cycle for oxidation and energy production (Owen et al, 2002; Martínez-Reyes and Chandel, 2020).”
Control of biotin biosynthesis in mycobacteria by a pyruvate carboxylase dependent metabolic signal
Lazar, N., Fay, A., Nandakumar, M., Boyle, K. E., Xavier, J. B., Rhee, K. Y., & Glickman, M. S. (2017) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/mmi.13865 · Cited by 19
“, 2009), and has been shown to have roles in anaplerosis, gluconeogenesis, elongation of fatty acids, and branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis (Attwood, 1995; Peters-Wendisch et al., 1998; Mukhopadhyay and Purwantini, 2000; Owen et al., 2002; Sauer and Eikmanns, 2005).”
BackgroundAcute oxygen sensing—Role of metabolic specifications in peripheral chemoreceptor cells
Gao, L., Ortega‐Sáenz, P., & López‐Barneo, J. (2018) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2018.08.007 · Cited by 18
Caria, P., Tronci, L., Dettori, T., Murgia, F., Santoru, M. L., Griffin, J. L., Vanni, R., & Atzori, L. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19102948 · Cited by 19
“When cells increase fatty acid oxidation, intermediates in the second half of the cycle increase in concentration [44].”
BackgroundKerney, R. R., Leavitt, J. S., Hill, E. M., Zhang, H., Kim, E., & Burns, J. A. (2019) · Symbiosis · doi:10.1007/s13199-018-00591-2 · Cited by 20
“These changes are indicative of altered flux through the TCA and an increase in anaplerotic (replenishing TCA intermediates) reactions where pyruvate is converted directly to the TCA intermediate oxaloacetate (Owen et al. 2002).”
BackgroundRaja, V., Salsaa, M., Joshi, A. S., Li, Y., van Roermund, C. W. T., Saadat, N., Lazcano, P., Schmidtke, M. W., Hüttemann, M., Gupta, S. V., et al. (2019) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.02.001 · Cited by 19
Liu, Q., Zhou, Z., Liu, P., & Zhang, S. (2019) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1002/1873-3468.13509 · Cited by 19
Liu, X., Lin, X., Liu, S.-C., Zhu, C., Grierson, D. S., Li, S., & Chen, K. (2021) · Plant Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.07.041 · Cited by 19
Yang, W., Park, J.-H., Park, S.-Y., & Park, Y. (2022) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo12100965 · Cited by 21
“However, the tricarboxylic acid cycle is substituted, to enable continued anaplerosis and pyruvate carboxylase (PC), because inhibited PDH is the major anaplerotic enzyme that immediately synthesizes oxaloacetate from pyruvate [10,39].”
BackgroundMizuno, Y., Hattori, K., Taniguchi, K., Tanaka, K., Uchiyama, K., & Hirose, Y. (2020) · Oncology Letters · doi:10.3892/ol.2020.11390 · Cited by 18
“Anaplerosis is the replenishing process to have a matching influx of TCA cycle intermediates, which are consumed and lacking (39).”
Backgroundvan Heijster, F. H. A., Breukels, V., Jansen, K. F. J., Schalken, J. A., & Heerschap, A. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2024357119 · Cited by 19
“Anaplerosis can also occur via pyruvate and glutamine (25) (Fig.”
BackgroundUmeda, K., Shindo, D., Somekawa, S., Nishitani, S., Sato, W., Toyoda, S., Karakawa, S., Kawasaki, M., Mine, T., & Suzuki, K. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14112357 · Cited by 19
Sanchez, M., Hamel, D., Bajon, E., Duhamel, F., Bhosle, V. K., Zhu, T., Rivera, J. C., Dabouz, R., Nadeau‐Vallée, M., Sitaras, N., et al. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11142185 · Cited by 18
“Succinate has long been recognized as a Krebs cycle intermediate in the mitochondria, where it is oxidized by succinate dehydrogenase, providing electrons to the electron transport chain [1,2].”
BackgroundWang, Y., Sun, X., Qiu, J., Zhou, A., Xu, P.-B., Liu, Y., & Wu, H. (2022) · Journal of Chromatography B · doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123567 · Cited by 18
Metadata
- Authors
- Owen, O. E., Kalhan, S. C., & Hanson, R. W.
- Affiliations
- MetroHealth Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Owen, Oliver E.
- ORCID
- Kalhan, Satish C.
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-08
- Volume
- 277
- Issue
- 34
- Pages
- 30409-30412
- ISSN
- 0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2134294998
- Cited by
- 1,172
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 71 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 108 · 2020: 101 · 2019: 84 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 6.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-58620, R01DK058620)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD11089)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Biochemical Acid Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Microbial metabolism and enzyme function
- Keywords
- anaplerosis, cataplerosis, TCA cycle, TCA cycle intermediates, pyruvate carboxylase, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, glyceroneogenesis, amino acid catabolism, glutamate dehydrogenase
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Amino Acids, Animals, Citric Acid Cycle, Gluconeogenesis, Glutamine, Humans, Intestine, Small, Kidney, Triglycerides, Muscle, Skeletal
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