Cortical and Subcortical Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia: Convergence of Classifications Based on Language and Memory Skill Areas
Abstract
Cortical and subcortical dementias have been reported to have distinct neuropsychological profiles. Previous studies of patients with schizophrenia have examined the memory-based profiles associated cortical and subcortical dementias. Although these two types of dementias have both language and memory-based profiles, the current study is the first to examine the overlap in classification associated with memory based and language based classifications. In this study, elderly (age >64 years) patients with schizophrenia (n=239) who varied in their lifetime outcome from chronic institutional care to stable community residence were tested with a neuropsychological battery that examined language and memory performance. Using a large sample of normal controls previously tested with this same assessment, normative standards for performance were developed. Schizophrenic patients were divided into cortical versus subcortical versus unimpaired groups on the basis of language and memory performance. Classification overlap ranged from a high of 30% (cortical profile) to a low of 14% (unimpaired profile). Furthermore, patients classified on the basis of verbal and memory ability areas did not differ in their performance in measures from the other ability areas. Data from a 1-year follow-up of part of the sample (n=147) suggested poor stability of the subcortical classification in particular. These data suggest that cortical versus subcortical profiles of cognitive performance in schizophrenia are inconsistent across ability areas, and are not likely to be the result of stable structural or functional brain deficits.
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The pattern of memory impairment (encoding and delayed recall impaired, delayed recognition and cued recall spared) is also true for neuropsychiatric populations such as schizophrenia spectrum conditions.
“The same is true for neuropsychiatric populations such as schizophrenia spectrum conditions. 52 - 53”
From Domains of cognition and their assessment (2019) · cites this paper as [53]
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Domains of cognition and their assessment
Harvey, P. D. (2019) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2019.21.3/pharvey · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia
Bowie, C. R., & Harvey, P. D. (2006) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/nedt.2006.2.4.531 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
“Not surprisingly, deficits in verbal fluency are associated with poor interpersonal functioning (Addington and Addington 2000) and community functions (Rempfer et al 2003).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCognition in Schizophrenia: Impairments, Determinants, and Functional Importance
Bowie, C. R., & Harvey, P. D. (2005) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2005.05.004 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Self-citationDissociation between medial temporal lobe and basal ganglia memory systems in schizophrenia
Kéri, S., Nagy, O., Kelemen, O., Myers, C. E., & Gluck, M. A. (2005) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.03.024 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“However, the subcortical profile in schizophrenia was found to be inconsistent across ability areas, and is not likely to be the result of stable structural or functional brain deficits in the fronto-striatal system (Harvey et al., 2002).”
Impaired magnocellular/dorsal stream activation predicts impaired reading ability in schizophrenia
Martínez, A., Revheim, N., Butler, P. D., Guilfoyle, D. N., Dias, E. C., & Javitt, D. C. (2013) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2012.09.006 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“, 1996) and relatively preserved in geriatric patients with lifelong chronic SZ (Harvey et al., 2002).”
Interviewing cognitively impaired older adults: How useful is a Cognitive Interview?
Wright, A. M., & Holliday, R. E. (2006) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210601047351 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Schizophrenia (Harvey et al., 2002), depression (Veiel, 1997), physical illness (Barbe et al., 2002), and some medications (e.g., psychotropic drugs; Schaeufele, Bickel, & Weyerer, 2002) have also been implicated.”
BackgroundStability and functional correlates of memory-based classification in older schizophrenia patients
Bowie, C. R., Reichenberg, A., Rieckmann, N., Parrella, M., White, L., & Harvey, P. D. (2004) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00019442-200407000-00005 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive impairment in schizophrenia: profile, course, and neurobiological determinants
Harvey, P. D. (2012) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52002-9.00025-5 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Impairments in rate of verbal and spatial learning, free recall without prompts or cues, and processing speed are common in both schizophrenia and frontostriatal conditions (Harvey et al., 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSchizophrenia in late life: Aging effects on symptoms and course of illness.
Harvey, P. D. (2005) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10873-000 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationPeleikis, D. E., Varga, M., Sundet, K. S., Lorentzen, S., Agartz, I., & Andreassen, O. A. (2012) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12041 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Ziprasidone-induced cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia: Specificity or pseudospecificity?
Malhotra, A. K., Burdick, K. E., Razi, K., Bates, J. A., Sanders, M., & Kane, J. M. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.05.015 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Verbal memory in first-episode schizophrenia: Heterogeneity in performance?
Nuyen, J., Sitskoorn, M. M., Cahn, W., & Kahn, R. S. (2005) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617705050162 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“In this regard, it is interesting that Harvey et al. (2002) found little temporal stability for the memory-based subcortical classification of elderly schizophrenic patients, thereby casting doubt on the assumption that corticalversussubcortical memory profiles in schizophrenia reflect stable brain…”
BackgroundMemory profiles in schizophrenia: Categorization validity and stability
Bell, M. D., Johannesen, J., Greig, T. C., & Wexler, B. E. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.12.037 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Harvey et al. (2002) used a 10word list learning task with 239 elderly people with schizophrenia (about 70 years of age) and used theoretically derived criteria to assign them to group membership.”
Correlation of neurocognitive deficits with positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia
Priyamvada, R., Ranjan, R., Jha, G. K., & Chaudhury, S. (2021) · Industrial Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.4103/ipj.ipj_44_20 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“[19,20] Liu et al . also reported similar findings that Schizophrenia is associated with impairment in prospective memory compared to healthy controls.”
Persistent psychotic symptoms and neurocognitive deficits in borderline personality disorder
Carrasco, J. L., Mellor-Marsá, B., Mallardo, L., López‐Villatoro, J. M., Montes, A., la Vega, I. D., & Díaz‐Marsá, M. (2021) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2021.05.003 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Actualité des données sur les modalités évolutives de la schizophrénie
Simonnot, A., Gluck-Vanlaer, N., Abe, K., Caillat, A., & Auby, P. (2007) · Encyclopédie médico-chirurgicale. Psychiatrie · doi:10.1016/s0246-1072(07)40983-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Ces déficits cognitifs, une fois installés, semblent devoir perdurer dans le temps, ce constat étant valable pour les patients chroniques aussi bien que pour les patients en épisode inaugural [49-56].”
BackgroundCognitive functioning in schizophrenia
Harvey, P. D., & Bowie, C. R. (2003) · Current Psychosis & Therapeutics Reports · doi:10.1007/bf02629435 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationSchizophrenia and Related Conditions in Late Life ☆
Harvey, P. D., & Muralidharan, A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.05131-2
Self-citation
- Authors
- Harvey, P. D., Moriarty, P. J., Bowie, C., Friedman, J. I., Parrella, M., White, L., & Davis, K. L.
- Affiliations
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2002-02
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 55-66
- ISSN
- 0165-0475 (ISSN-L)
- 1380-3395
- 1744-411X
- OpenAlex
- W2026858744
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2021: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, cortical dementia, subcortical dementia, cognitive impairment, language performance, memory performance, neuropsychological profile, elderly patients, normative standards, longitudinal stability, community residences, institutional care
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Chronic Disease, Cognition Disorders, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Language, Male, Memory, Neuropsychological Tests, Reference Values, Sampling Studies, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Severity of Illness Index
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