Domains of cognition and their assessment

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

With aging, resource availability typically declines and older drivers are involved in many more accidents than younger experienced drivers.

“However, with aging, resource availability typically declines and older drivers are involved in many more accidents than younger experienced drivers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Maintenance working memory can handle information from multiple sensory modalities at the same time and its storage capacity is limited across all aspects of information.

“Maintenance working memory can handle information from multiple sensory modalities at the same time and storage capacity of maintenance working memory is capacity limited across all aspects of information.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The more common the target, up to about 50% frequency, the easier the CPT task.

“The more common the target, up to about 50% frequency, the easier the task.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Typically global stimuli are perceived more rapidly than local stimuli.

“Typically global stimuli are perceived more rapidly than local stimuli, much like a reader recognizes words more efficiently than their component letters. 23”

• cites [23] Navon D, 1977, Cognitive Psychol sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Storage is typically affected only by changes in brain functioning.

“Storage is typically affected only by changes in brain functioning”

May combine two claims.

ADHD is associated with increases in errors of commission and greater B on the CPT, based on impulsive responses to nontarget stimuli.

“Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with increases in errors of commission and greater B, based on impulsive responses to nontarget stimuli. 33”

• cites [33] Bedi GC, 1994, Int J Neurosci sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Presenting stimuli as a stem to be completed facilitates encoding and subsequent recall of information.

“Presenting stimuli as a stem to be completed (__ __ imal) facilitates encoding and subsequent recall of information.”

May combine two claims.

Construction deficits are commonly found in individuals with dementia, with right hemisphere damage, or with identified lesions to the parietal cortex.

“Construction deficits are commonly found in individuals with dementia, with right hemisphere damage, or with identified lesions to the parietal cortex. 20”

• cites [20] GoodglassHKaplanE1983 Philadelphia Lea and FebigerNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Information successfully encoded can be recalled at fairly long post encoding time periods.

“Information successfully encoded can be recalled at fairly long post encoding time periods.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Drawing objects makes them easier to recall than simply visualizing them.

“Drawing objects makes them easier to recall than simply visualizing them.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The ability to respond to instructions to shift focus across global and local properties is impaired in many populations with problems in attentional control.

“The ability to respond to instructions to shift focus across global and local properties is a critical feature of this task and is impaired in many populations with problems in attentional control.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Simple maintenance working memory can be measured in drosophila, whose executive functioning ability is clearly limited.

“Simple maintenance working memory can be measured in drosophila, whose executive functioning ability is clearly limited.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Dual-task processing is particularly impaired in neuropsychiatric conditions, with people with schizophrenia manifesting considerable challenges in dual-task demands.

“Dual-task processing is particularly impaired in neuropsychiatric conditions, with people with schizophrenia manifesting considerable challenges in dual-task demands.”

May combine two claims.

When target frequency exceeds 50%, CPT difficulty increases because inhibition of the dominant response to respond on all stimuli is required and even completely healthy people have an increase in errors.

“However, when the target frequency does over 50%, difficulty increases because inhibition of the dominant response to respond on all stimuli is required and even completely healthy people have an increase in errors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Generally, there is a "resource cost" for manipulation operations and typically performance in digits backward is about one item less than performance on digit span forward.

“Generally, there is a “resource cost” for such operations and typically performance in digits backward is about one item less than performance on digit span forward (6 digits forward = 5 digits backwards).”

May combine two claims.

There are formal indices of the ability to divide attention, which can identify impairments in the ability to divide attention which are common in several neuropsychiatric conditions.

“There are formal indices of the ability to divide attention, which can identify impairments in the ability to divide attention which are common in several neuropsychiatric conditions. 25”

• cites [25] Granholm E, 1996, Neuropsychology sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Beginning drivers can tolerate many fewer concurrent tasks while maintaining adequate performance and have the highest rates of accidents.

“Beginning drivers can tolerate many fewer concurrent tasks while maintaining adequate performance and have the highest rates of accidents. 28”

• cites [28] Gershon P, 2017, J Safety Res sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Information that is never detected consciously may be stored (unconscious processing) but typically cannot be retrieved volitionally although it may be available with the right implicit prompt.

“information that is never detected consciously may be stored (unconscious processing) but typically cannot be retrieved volitionally although it may be available with the right implicit prompt.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

These retrieval strategies are commonly applied across different versions of verbal and visual-spatial memory tests.

“These strategies re commonly applied across different versions of verbal and visual-spatial memory tests.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Some information is clearly permanent (eg, new vocabulary words).

“Some information is clearly permanent (eg, new vocabulary words).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

More complex operations, such as storage of multiple items then retrieval of a selected set, have even greater capacity cost.

“More complex operations, such as storage of multiple items then retrieval of a selected set, have even greater capacity cost.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Distracted driving is a major cause of accidents in the US.

“Interestingly, distracted driving is a major cause of accidents in the US and distracted driving is specifically the attempt to perform other tasks while driving.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Asking the participant to evaluate stimuli for various semantic characteristics (living/nonliving) facilitates encoding.

“For instance, asking the participant to evaluate stimuli for various semantic characteristics (living/nonliving) facilitates encoding.”

May combine two claims.

Performance on the UFOV has been shown to predict driving problems and interventions aimed at speed dual-task processing have been shown to reduce accidents in older drivers.

“Performance on the UFOV has been shown to predict driving problems and interventions aimed at speed dual-task processing have been shown to reduce accidents in older drivers. 30”

• cites [30] Roenker DL, 2003, Hum Factors sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

People in the schizophrenia spectrum fail to develop this normal bias and do not have an increase in errors of commission with increased frequency of targets.

“Interestingly, people in the schizophrenia spectrum fail to develop this normal bias and do not have an increase in errors of commission with increased frequency of targets. 34”

• cites [34] Barch DM, 2003, J Abnorm Psychol sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Information can be transferred from working memory to longer-term storage, but that process requires either active processing or salience of the stimulus in working memory for encoding.

“Information can be transferred from working memory to longer-term storage, but that process requires either active processing or salience of the stimulus in working memory for encoding.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

For visual learning, familiar and namable objects are easier to learn.

“For visual learning, familiar and namable objects are easier to learn.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Different populations make different patterns of errors on the CPT.

“Different populations make different patterns of errors on the CPT.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Both iconic (visual) and auditory (echoic) storage are duration and capacity limited and processing of new information can lead to the loss of memory currently in storage.

“Both iconic (visual) and auditory (echoic) storage are duration and capacity limited and processing of new information can lead to the loss of memory currently in storage.”

May combine two claims.

On word list tests, semantically organized lists are easier to learn and telling the participant that the list is organized also facilitates encoding.

“On word list tests, semantically organized lists (subsets of animals, colors, etc) 43 are easier to learn and telling the participant that the list is organized also facilitates encoding.”

• cites [43] DelisDCKramerJKaplanEOberBA1987 New York, NY Psychological CorporationNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

After practice, many functions required for driving become automated and accident rates decline.

“After practice, many functions required for driving become automated and accident rates decline.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Most inconsistencies in cognitive domains are in broad domains that may include multiple component processes.

“Most inconsistencies are in broad domains that may include multiple component processes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Assessments are typically targeted at subdomains of each ability area.

“Assessments are typically targeted at subdomains of each ability area”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Executive functioning exerts control over the utilization of more basic processes.

“executive functioning exerts control over the utilization of more basic processes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Careful combination of tasks can reveal patterns of performance consistent with a variety of different neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions.

“careful combination of tasks can reveal patterns of performance consistent with a variety of different neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

There are clear inconsistencies in the clinical and research literature regarding the nature of cognitive domains.

“there are clear inconsistencies in the clinical and research literature.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Domains of cognitive functioning are not independent of each other.

“Domains are not independent of each other”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Executive functioning tasks often involve the co-ordination of multiple sensory, perceptual, attentional, and other less complex functions, while simple sensory tasks require minimal higher-level processing.

“Thus, executive functioning tasks often involve the co-ordination of multiple sensory, perceptual, attentional, and other less complex functions, while simple sensory tasks require minimal higher-level processing.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Manipulation working memory is clearly associated with executive functioning.

“manipulation working memory is clearly associated with executive functioning.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Multiple factors are known to affect encoding.

“Multiple factors are known affect encoding.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The origin of cognitive domains was originally linked to the areas of the brain in which these processes were seen to be occurring, a perspective that is still important today.

“The origin of these domains was originally linked (ie, localized) to the areas of the brain in which these processes were seen to be occurring, 2 a perspective that is still important today. 3”

• cites [2] Babcock HA, 1930, Arch PsycholNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [3] DamasioHDamasioAR1989 New York, NY Oxford University PressNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The HVLT, CVLT, and RAVLT are considerably different in difficulty which needs to be considered when selecting assessment instruments.

“These three tests are considerably different in difficulty which needs to be considered when selecting assessment instruments.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Whether component processes belong in more general domains (executive functioning) or a simpler domain (processing speed) is often unclear.

“Whether these processes belong in more general domains (executive functioning) or a simpler domain (processing speed) is often unclear.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The episodic/declarative/explicit memory system interacts with working memory storage processes to encode, maintain, and retrieve information into and out of longer-term storage.

“This component of the memory system interacts with working memory storage processes to encode, maintain, and retrieve information into and out of longer-term storage.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

All attentional skills have executive functioning components.

“All of these attentional skills have executive functioning components that are described below.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Memory functioning is the most complex and multifaceted of cognitive domains.

“Memory functioning is the most complex and multifaceted of cognitive domains.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Contemporary circuit-based conceptions of cognitive domains focus on activation and interaction of these circuits.

“Contemporary circuit-based conceptions focus on activation and interaction of these circuits. 4”

• cites [4] Lopez-GarciaPLeshTASaloTet alThe neural circuitry supporting goal maintenance during cognitive control: a comparison of expectancy AX-CPT and dot probe expectancy paradigms Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci2016161164175Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The maintenance of information in working memory requires intact sensation, perception, and attention.

“The maintenance of information in working memory requires intact sensation, perception, and attention”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Impairments in different elements of the memory system can lead to the same general outcome of poor memory output.

“In addition, impairments in different elements of the system can lead to the same general outcome of poor memory output.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There are several different ways that information can be retrieved after encoding.

“There are several different ways that information can be retrieved after encoding.”

May combine two claims.

The development of automatic processing is a critical feature of much complex skill learning, with driving being a primary example.

“The development of automatic processing is a critical feature of much complex skill learning, with driving being a primary example. 27”

• cites [27] Engstrom J, 2017, Human Factors sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The HVLT may be too easy for screening younger populations and the RAVLT may be too hard demanding as a dementia screen in older people.

“The HVLT may be too easy for screening younger populations and the RAVLT may be too hard demanding as a dementia screen in order people.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Working memory is conceptualized to include two separable components: maintenance of information and manipulation of information.

“Further, working memory is conceptualized to include two separable components: maintenance of information and manipulation of information. 35”

• cites [35] Baddeley AD, 1999 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Attention and concentration is a multifaceted construct generally divided into two global subdomains: selective attention and sustained attention (or vigilance).

“Attention and concentration is a multifaceted construct and is generally divided into two global subdomains: selective attention and sustained attention (or vigilance).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Encoding manipulations are important in the context of who is being tested.

“Encoding manipulations are important in the context of who is being tested.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Encoding, storage, and retrieval are all required for successful memory performance.

“They include encoding, storage, and retrieval, all of which are required for successful memory performance.”

May combine two claims.

If cognitive speed is excessively slow, then performance of "non-speeded" tasks acquires an additional challenge and may lead to challenges in accessing correct strategies in a timely manner.

“If cognitive speed is excessively slow, then performance of “non-speeded” tasks acquire an additional challenge and may lead to challenges in access correct strategies in a timely manner. 64”

• cites [64] Knowles EE, 2015, Biol Psychiatry sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Semantic memory is often accessed in the performance of new declarative memory tasks; previously stored semantic information is more easily attended to, encoded, and recalled for short-term use than completely novel information.

“Semantic memory is often accessed in the performance of new declarative memory tasks, in that information that is previously stored in semantic memory is more easily attended to, encoded, and recalled for short-term use than completely novel information.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Within neuropsychiatric conditions, language deficits may be associated with either deficits in executive functioning or slowed processing speed.

“Within neuropsychiatric conditions, language deficits may be associated with either deficits in executive functioning (eg, the ability to successfully access semantic storage) or slowed processing speed.”

May combine two claims.

In cortical dementia and amnestic conditions, encoding, delayed recall, cued recall, and delayed recognition are all impaired.

“in cortical dementia and amnestic conditions encoding, delayed recall, cued recall, and delayed recognition are all impaired”

• cites [50] Paulsen JS, 1995, Neurology sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [51] Paulsen JS, 1995, J Clin Psychol sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Semantic memory appears to remain intact over the lifespan and continue to accrue new information even into late life.

“semantic memory appears to remain intact over the lifespan and continue to accrue new information even into late life. 47”

• cites [47] Czaja SJ, 2006, Psychol Aging sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Performance on various coding tasks is the most significant impairment in schizophrenia and is the cognitive ability domain most strongly correlated with impairments in everyday functioning.

“performance on various coding tasks is not only the most significant impairment in schizophrenia 63 but is also the cognitive ability domain that is most strongly correlated with impairments in everyday functioning.”

• cites [63] Dickinson D, 2007, Arch Gen Psychiatry sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Because fluency tasks are speeded in terms of their instructions, cognitive slowing can have an adverse impact on performance.

“By virtue of the fact that fluency tasks are speeded in terms of their instructions, cognitive slowing can have an adverse impact on performance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Following instructions such as ignoring distractors, dividing attention to process one of two concurrent information streams, or following other instructions in processing speed tasks are clearly executive or "cognitive control" demands.

“Following instructions such as ignoring distractors, dividing attention to process one of two concurrent information streams, or following other instructions in processing speed tasks (eg, alternate between letters and numbers) are clearly executive or “cognitive control” demands as described above.”

May combine two claims.

Large-scale studies of cognition over the lifespan have found increases in wisdom and semantic memory over the lifespan.

“Large-scale studies of cognition over the lifespan have found increasers in wisdom and semantic memory over the lifespan, with decreases in processing speed and working memory span tasks. 47”

• cites [47] Czaja SJ, 2006, Psychol Aging sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Populations with executive functioning deficits include ADHD, mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

“These include ADHD, mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). 61”

• cites [61] Kuelz AK, 2004, Biol Psychol sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Both cortical and frontostriatal conditions adversely impact verbal fluency.

“both cortical and frontostriatal conditions adversely impact verbal fluency, but naming deficits are more commonly seen in cortical dementia. 50”

• cites [50] Paulsen JS, 1995, Neurology sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

In frontostriatal conditions, encoding and delayed recall are impaired, but delayed recognition and cued recall are typically spared.

“while in frontostriatal conditions encoding and delayed recall are impaired, but delayed recognition and cued recall are typically spared. 50 - 51”

• cites [50] Paulsen JS, 1995, Neurology sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [51] Paulsen JS, 1995, J Clin Psychol sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Many working memory tasks, such as simple delayed response tasks, involve essentially no problem solving or management of cognitive resources.

“many working memory tasks, such as simple delayed response tasks, involve essentially no problem solving or management of cognitive resources.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Prospective memory is one of the tasks on the boundary of executive functioning, because of the strong planning component associated with task outcomes.

“Prospective memory is certainly one of the tasks on the boundary of executive functioning, because of the strong planning component associated with task outcomes.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The two major compendia for neuropsychological assessment (Lezak et al and Strauss et al) do not list procedural memory in their index sections.

“the two major compendia for neuropsychological assessment (Lezak et al 1 and Strauss et al 15 ) do not list procedural memory in their index sections”

• cites Lezak et al 1Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Strauss et al 15Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Historical domains of cognitive functioning are still examined to this day, but now through the lens of considerably more information about underlying brain structure and function.

“Historical domains of cognitive functioning are still examined to this day, but now through the lens of a considerably more information about underlying brain structure and function.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Brain imaging allows for the differentiation of impairments in different brain regions.