The response of the sexes to nutritional stress
Open accessAbstract
Nutritional stress will arise when the intake of one or more nutrients is insufficient to meet the requirements.It may also occur when the intake is excessive, but for this to be so the amount absorbed from the intestine must also be more than the body needs, and the individual must be unable to excrete the excess in the urine or to metabolize it.My main concern today is with differences in the response of the sexes to deficiencies and excesses of total energy.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
When animals are subjected to complete starvation, females have a greater ratio of lipid to protein loss and are more likely to survive.
“When animals are subjected to complete starvation, females have a greater ratio of lipid to protein loss and are more likely to survive [26, 29].”
From Sex differences in metabolic homeostasis, diabetes, and obesity (2015) · cites this paper as [26]
Tables 1 and 2 in the starvation discussion show that female rats lost more fat and less protein than males during six days of complete starvation. The survival figures in “Response of the sexes to undernutrition and starvation” concern chronically undernourished pigs, not animals subjected to complete starvation. The supplied passages give no survival comparison for completely starved animals. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMultiple aspects of mitochondrial function appear to be different between males and females under physiological conditions.
“multiple aspects of mitochondrial function appear to be different between males and females under physiological conditions”
From Sex Differences in Traumatic Brain Injury: What We Know and What We Should Know (2019) · cites this paper as [126]
Differences in mitochondrial function between males and females may be exacerbated by stress or injury.
“differences may be exacerbated by stress or injury.”
From Sex Differences in Traumatic Brain Injury: What We Know and What We Should Know (2019) · cites this paper as [126]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Hytten, F. E., & Leitch, I. (1971) · Cited by 618 · see citing works
The Physiology of Human Pregnancy
(1965) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/pgmj.41.476.376 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
McCay, C. M., Maynard, L. A., Sperling, G., & Barnes, L. L. (1939) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/18.1.1 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Widdowson, E. M., & McCance, R. A. (1963) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1963.0051 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Self-citationMiller, D. S., MUMFORD, P., & Stock, M. J. (1967) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/20.11.1223 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Miller, D. S., & MUMFORD, P. (1967) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/20.11.1212 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Differences between Men and Women in Their Response to Heat and Cold
Hardy, J. D., & Bois, E. F. D. (1940) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.26.6.389 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Comparison of thermal exchanges in men and women under neutral and hot conditions.
Bittel, J. H. M., & Hénane, R. (1975) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1975.sp011066 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The effect of lowering the ambient temperature on the metabolism of the new‐born pig
McCance, R. A., & Widdowson, E. M. (1959) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1959.sp006227 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationSevere undernutrition in growing and adult animals
Lister, D., & McCance, R. A. (1967) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19670081 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The effects of chronic undernutrition and of total starvation on growing and adult rats
Widdowson, E. M., & McCance, R. A. (1956) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19560054 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationTHE EFFECT OF UNDERNUTRITION AND REHABILITATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS: RATS
Widdowson, E. M., Mavor, W. O., & McCance, R. A. (1964) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.0290119 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationProtein Katabolism and Oxygen Consumption during Starvation in Infants, Young Adults and Old Men
McCance, R. A., & Strangeways, W. M. B. (1954) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19540006 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Adaptive enzyme changes in liver and muscle of rats during protein depletion and refeeding
Stephen, J. M. L. (1968) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19680022 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Some effects of overfeeding for four days in man
Strong, J. A., Shirling, D., & PASSMORE, R. (1967) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19670090 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Widdowson, E. M. (1974) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-3252-7_8 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationNutrition and malnutrition : identification and measurement
Roche, A. F., & Falkner, F. (1974) · Plenum Press eBooks · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Widdowson, E. M. & McCance, R. A. (1963). Proc. R. SOC. B 158, 329.
- A. F. Roche and F. Falkner, editors]. New York: Plenum Press. Printed in Great Britain https://doi.org/10.1079/PNS19760030 Published online by Cambridge University Press
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries
Popkin, B. M., Adair, L. S., & Ng, S. W. (2012) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00456.x · Cited by 4,313 · see citing works
Review Lecture: Mammalian mating systems
Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1989) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1989.0027 · Cited by 1,413 · see citing works
Parental investment and sex differences in juvenile mortality in birds and mammals
Clutton‐Brock, T. H., Albon, S. D., & GUINNESS, F. E. (1985) · Nature · doi:10.1038/313131a0 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Sex differences in metabolic homeostasis, diabetes, and obesity
Mauvais-Jarvis, F. (2015) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-015-0033-y · Cited by 626 · see citing works
“When animals are subjected to complete starvation, females have a greater ratio of lipid to protein loss and are more likely to survive [26, 29].”
BackgroundSex Ratio Variation in Mammals
Clutton-Brock, T. H., & Iason, G. R. (1986) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/415033 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Traumatic Brain Injury: What We Know and What We Should Know
Gupte, R. P., Brooks, W. M., Vukas, R. R., Pierce, J. D., & Harris, J. L. (2019) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2018.6171 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Nutrition, epigenetics, and developmental plasticity: implications for understanding human disease
Burdge, G. C., & Lillycrop, K. A. (2010) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.012809.104751 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Sex ratios in birds and mammals: can the hypotheses be disentangled?
Cockburn, A., Legge, S., & Double, M. C. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511542053.014 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Factors affecting first-year survival in grey seals and their implications for life history strategy
Hall Ailsa, J., McConnell Bernie, J., & Barker Richard, J. (2001) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2656.2001.00468.x · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Population Regulation in Male and Female Red Deer
Clutton‐Brock, T. H., Major, M., & GUINNESS, F. E. (1985) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.2307/4381 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Drèze, J., & Sen, A. K. (1991) · doi:10.1093/0198283652.001.0001 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Starving Neurons Show Sex Difference in Autophagy
Du, L., Hickey, R. W., Bayir, H., Watkins, S. C., Tyurin, V. A., Guo, F., Kochanek, P. M., Jenkins, L. W., Ren, J., Gibson, G., et al. (2009) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m804396200 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Sex differences in mitochondrial (dys)function: Implications for neuroprotection
Demarest, T. G., & McCarthy, M. M. (2015) · Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes · doi:10.1007/s10863-014-9583-7 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“Sex differences in metabolism have long been observed in humans (reviewed in (Widdowson 1976).”
Gender-dependent effects of exercise training on serum leptin levels in humans
Hickey, M. S., Houmard, J. A., Considine, R. V., Tyndall, G. L., Midgette, J. B., Gavigan, K. E., Weidner, M. L., McCammon, M. R., Israel, R. G., & Caro, J. F. (1997) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1997.272.4.e562 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Geographic variation in size and sexual dimorphism of North American weasels
Ralls, K., & Harvey, P. (1985) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1985.tb00389.x · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Competition between female relatives in a matrilocal mammal
Clutton‐Brock, T. H., Albon, S. D., & GUINNESS, F. E. (1982) · Nature · doi:10.1038/300178a0 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Sex differences in energy metabolism: natural selection, mechanisms and consequences
Mauvais‐Jarvis, F. (2023) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/s41581-023-00781-2 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
“Early studies showed that when pigs and rats were subjected to starvation with severe protein depletion, females maintained a ratio of lipid to protein loss that was twofold higher than that of males and had greater survival 16 .”
InfluentialMaternal investment and sex-allocation in the Galapagos fur seal, Arctocephalus galapagoensis
Trillmich, F. (1986) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/bf00300855 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“There seemed to be no sex difference in mortality during the period of maternal investment although a difference would be predicted from the general pattern in mammals (Ralls et al. 1980) and from the males' greater susceptibility to food stress ( Widdowson 1976 ).”
BackgroundGender differences in lipid and glucose kinetics during short-term fasting.
Mittendorfer, B., Horowitz, J. F., & Klein, S. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.6.e1333 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“Data obtained from studies conducted in animals demonstrate that gender influences the metabolic responses to energy restriction (20, 21, 46).”
BackgroundSexual bimaturation and sexual size dimorphism in animals with asymptotic growth after maturity
Stamps, J. A., & Krishnan, V. V. (1997) · Evolutionary Ecology · doi:10.1023/a:1018479312191 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Bordt, E. A., Ceasrine, A. M., & Bilbo, S. D. (2020) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23753 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“While there are few studies into mitochondrial metabolism within microglia themselves, there are many examples of sex differences in overall metabolism (reviewed by Widdowson (1976)) and total brain metabolic outcomes.”
BackgroundThe demography of Howler Monkeys (Alouatta palliata) on Barro Colorado Island, Panamá
Froehlich, J. W., Thorington, R. W., & Otis, J. S. (1981) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1007/bf02739331 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“Widdowson (1976) has found that male mammals are more vulnerable to starvation than females, especially at puberty when androgens act anabolically and limit available energy.”
BackgroundGender and energy balance: Sex differences in adaptations for feast and famine
Hoyenga, K. B., & Hoyenga, K. T. (1982) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(82)90153-6 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Gonadal Hormones and Sex Differences in Nonreproductive Behaviors
Beatty, W. W. (1992) · Handbook of behavioral neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2453-7_3 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Sex differences in ischaemic stroke: potential cellular mechanisms
Chauhan, A., Moser, H., & McCullough, L. D. (2017) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20160841 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Women and children last: An essay on sex discrimination in disasters
Rivers, J. P. W. (1982) · Disasters · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1982.tb00548.x · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Valle, A., Guevara, R., García-Palmer, F., Roca, P., & Oliver, J. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00203.2007 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“However, some authors have argued that because of their higher relative importance for reproduction and the survival of the species, females have been subjected to more severe selection pressures to be more resistant to CR than males (19, 51).”
BackgroundSex-related differences in energy balance in response to caloric restriction.
Valle, A., Català-Niell, A., Colom, B., García-Palmer, F., Oliver, J., & Roca, P. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00553.2004 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“This relative resistance to loss of lean mass in females has been observed in several situations in which energy balance tends to be negative, as in the case of exercise (9, 40, 41), diabetes (8), or starvation (63).”
BackgroundResultDaily Exercise Reduces Fat, Protein and Body Mass in Male but not Female Rats
Cortright, R. N., Chandler, M. P., Lemon, P. W. R., & DiCarlo, S. E. (1997) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(97)00148-0 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Management and Conservation Article
Craighead, D. J., & Bedrosian, B. E. (2008) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.2193/2007-120 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Sex Ratios in Extant Ungulates: Products of Contemporary Predation or Past Life Histories?
Berger, J., & Gompper, M. E. (1999) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.2307/1383162 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“…1991); 2) enhanced growth rates in young males which, in conjunction with other factors, predispose males to greater mortality than females (Widdowson, 1976); 3) patterns of emigration, in which the dispersing sex experiences heightened mortality (Dobson, 1982); 4) increased fat reserves…”
BackgroundLong-Term Morphological and Metabolic Effects of Early Under- and Over-Nutrition in Mice
Aubert, R., Suquet, J. P., & Lemonnier, D. (1980) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/110.4.649 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Johnson, F. C., & Sinclair, H. M. (1979) · C R C Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408397909527264 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Testing evolutionary hypotheses about human biological adaptation using cross-cultural comparison
Mace, R. H., Jordan, F. M., & Holden, C. J. (2003) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(03)00019-9 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“children (Widdowson, 1976; Wells, 2000).”
Sex Differences in Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenic Features During Caloric Restriction
Valle, A., García-Palmer, F., Oliver, J., & Roca, P. (2007) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000099207 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Demarest, T. G., Varma, V. R., Estrada, D. J., Babbar, M., Basu, S., Mahajan, U. V., Moaddel, R., Croteau, D. L., Thambisetty, M., Mattson, M. P., et al. (2020) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-020-02152-8 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“It has been known for decades that systemic metabolism differs between men and women [85].”
BackgroundMating Systems and Sexual Dimorphism in Mass in Microtines
Boonstra, R., Gilbert, B. S., & Krebs, C. J. (1993) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.2307/1381924 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Diabetes Reduces Growth and Body Composition More in Male Than in Female Rats
Cortright, R. N., Collins, H. L., Chandler, M. P., Lemon, P. W. R., & DiCarlo, S. E. (1996) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(96)00222-3 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Lane, M. A., Black, A. J., Handy, A. M., Shapses, S. A., Tilmont, E. M., Kiefer, T. L., Ingram, D. K., & Roth, G. S. (2001) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/131.3.820 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Some have suggested that males and females may respond differently to nutritional stress (49,50).”
BackgroundDemography and competition in Hyrax
Hoeck, H. N. (1989) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/bf00384314 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Sexual Dimorphism in the Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis)
Dinerstein, E. (1991) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.2307/1382127 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Differential mortality and the Donner Party disaster
Grayson, D. K. (1993) · Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.1360020502 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
A Life History Perspective on Athletes with Low Energy Availability
Shirley, M. K., Longman, D. P., Elliott-Sale, K. J., Hackney, A. C., Sale, C., & Dolan, E. (2022) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01643-w · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Women have, on average, a larger ‘energy buffer’ in the form of greater body fat stores than men [88, 89, 92].”
BackgroundHastings, K. K., Jemison, L. A., Gelatt, T. S., Laake, J. L., Pendleton, G. W., King, J. C., Trites, A. W., & Pitcher, K. W. (2011) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1890/es11-00215.1 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Due to sex-specific physiologies, juvenile males may be more susceptible to food shortages than juvenile females in many mammals, even when sexes are similar in body size (Widdowson 1976).”
BackgroundAge-related decline in caloric intake and motivation for food in rhesus monkeys
Mattison, J. A., Black, A. J., Huck, J., Moscrip, T. D., Handy, A. M., Tilmont, E. M., Roth, G. S., Lane, M. A., & Ingram, D. K. (2004) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.09.013 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Wells, J. C. K., Griffin, L. D., & Treleaven, P. C. (2009) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.21017 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Indeed, women tend to have greater survival rates during famine because of their greater absolute energy reserves (Henry, 1990; Widdowson, 1976), in part because reproductive function is curtailed (Schneider, 2004).”
The hunger strikes back: an epigenetic memory for autophagy
González-Rodríguez, P., Füllgrabe, J., & Joseph, B. (2023) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-023-01159-4 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“However, it should be noted that sex-dependent differences in adaptation to famine have long been appreciated [133, 134].”
BackgroundWells, J. C. K. (2012) · Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.21334 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Dobson, A. P. (1987) · Ornis Scandinavica · doi:10.2307/3676846 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“nutritional stress than are females (Widdowson 1976).”
Comparative primate energetics and hominid evolution
Leonard, W. R., & Robertson, M. L. (1997) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199702)102:2 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Donner Party Deaths: A Demographic Assessment
Grayson, D. K. (1990) · Journal of Anthropological Research · doi:10.1086/jar.46.3.3630425 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Reproductive behavior of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes): a longitudinal study of an island population
Zabel, C. J. (1986) · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Genetic and biological variability in human nutrient requirements
Young, V. R., & Scrimshaw, N. S. (1979) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/32.2.486 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
FGF21 controls hepatic lipid metabolism via sex-dependent interorgan crosstalk
CHAFFIN, A. T. B., Larson, K. R., Huang, K.-P., Wu, C.-T., Nadejda, G., Fang, Y., Jayakrishnan, D., Sauza, K. A. S., Sims, L. C., Mohajerani, N., et al. (2022) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.155848 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“When individuals are subjected to complete starvation, females have a greater ratio of lipid to protein loss and are more likely to survive (3, 4).”
BackgroundKraus, C., Mueller, B., Meise, K., Piedrahita, P. M., Pörschmann, U., & Trillmich, F. (2012) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-012-2469-7 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Under poor feeding conditions, males often suffer higher mortality (Widdowson 1976; Foley et al. 2008; Loison et al. 1999) or more reduced growth (Toigo et al.”
BackgroundPostbranding Survival of Steller Sea Lion Pups at Lowrie Island in Southeast Alaska
Hastings, K. K., Gelatt, T. S., & KING, J. C. (2009) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.2193/2007-208 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Estrogen prevents increased hepatic aquaporin-9 expression and glycerol uptake during starvation
Lebeck, J., Gena, P., O'Neill, H., Skowroński, M. T., Lund, S. A., Calamita, G., & Prætorius, J. (2011) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00437.2011 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“In general, females appear to preserve the lean body mass better than males during fasting by utilizing relatively more fat than muscle mass for energy needs (6, 16, 42).”
Atmar, W. (1991) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80471-3 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Energy Utilization in Food-Restricted Female Rats
Hill, J. O., Talano, C. M., Nickel, M., & DiGirolamo, M. (1986) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/116.10.2000 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“This would support the earlier work of Widdowson (6).”
BackgroundResultGeographical variation in body weight and sexual size‐dimorphism of Norwegian moose (Alces alces)
Sæther, B., & Haagenrud, H. (1985) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb05638.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Factors that affect fertility in a feral population of sheep
Jewell, P. A. (1989) · Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1989.tb02310.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Female-Biased Mortality in a Sexually Dimorphic Ungulate: Feral Cattle of Amsterdam Island
Berteaux, D. (1993) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.2307/1382295 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Health status and school achievement of children from Head Start and Free School Lunch Programs.
Gietzen, D. W., & Vermeersch, J. A. (1980) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Metabolic effects of short-term caloric restriction in mice with reduced insulin gene dosage
Dommerholt, M. B., Dionne, D. A., Hutchinson, D., Kruit, J. K., & Johnson, J. D. (2018) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-17-0505 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Some authors have argued that females conserve their energy more efficiently and are more resistant to CR because of their relative importance for reproduction and the survival of the species (Widdowson 1976, Valle et al.”
BackgroundShipley, O. N., Olin, J. A., Whiteman, J. P., Bethea, D. M., & Newsome, S. D. (2022) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-022-05197-6 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The biology of human starvation: some new insights
Henry, C. J. (2001) · Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1046/j.1467-3010.2001.00164.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Thus, P ratio can be calculated as: urinary nitrogen excretion total energy ¥ ¥625 16 7. expenditure or as: It has been shown that during starvation females lose less protein than males (Widdowson 1976; Henry 1984) and are better able to withstand food shortages (Widdowson 1976).”
BackgroundInfluentialJang, T., & Lee, K. P. (2015) · Journal of Insect Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.09.002 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Combined Effect of Gender and Caloric Restriction on Liver Proteomic Expression Profile
Valle, A., Silvestri, E., Moreno, M., Chambery, A., Oliver, J., Roca, P., & Goglia, F. (2008) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/pr800086t · Cited by 19 · see citing works
FGF21 mediating the Sex-dependent Response to Dietary Macronutrients
Sauza, K. A. S., & Ryan, K. K. (2024) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae363 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Swindell, W. R., List, E. O., Berryman, D. E., & Kopchick, J. J. (2018) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.101424 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Indeed, some evidence indicates that CR may have stronger growth-inhibiting effects in males [79], whereas females maintain body weight better with CR and thus appear more energy efficient [80].”
BackgroundLessons from Cre-Mice and Indicator Mice
Wolfrum, C., & Straub, L. G. (2018) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2018_146 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Individuals and populations: the effects of social behaviour on population dynamics in deer
Clutton-Brock, T. H., GUINNESS, F. E., & Albon, S. D. (1984) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Section B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0269727000003791 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Response of male and female rats to undernutrition
Harris, P. M., Hodgson, D. F., & Broadhurst, R. B. (1984) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19840096 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Strategies of Entitlement Protection
Drèze, J., & Sen, A. K. (1991) · doi:10.1093/0198283652.003.0007 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Myocardial Mass in Morbidly Obese Patients and Changes with Weight Reduction
Drenick, E. J., & Fisler, J. S. (1992) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1381/096089292765560493 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hegarty, P. V. J., & Kim, K. O. (1981) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/00006450-198102000-00009 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sex-biased mortality in woodrats occurs in the absence of parental intervention
Moses, R. A., Boutin, S. A., & Teferi, T. (1998) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.1997.0643 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Supporting this assertion, males in dimorphic species are more prone to mortality than females in some precocial birds where parental provisioning is absent (Weatherhead & Teather 1991) and in other species when parents have been experimentally removed ( Widdowson 1976 ).”
BackgroundSex differences in nitrogen balance following marrow grafting for leukemia.
Cheney, C. L., Lenssen, P., Aker, S. N., Cunningham, B. A., Gauvreau, J. M., Darbinian, J. A., & BARALE, K. (1987) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.1987.10720185 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Bacterial muropeptides promote OXPHOS and suppress mitochondrial stress in mammals
Tian, D., Cui, M., & Han, M. (2024) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114067 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“58,59 In addition, it has been reported that males predominantly use proteins, while females utilize lipids, within Mts to generate energy, 60 which may affect their energy metabolism and cellular functions under certain physiological conditions.”
BackgroundSex-specific effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on glucose metabolism in the CNS
Marques, C. V., Arbo, B. D., Cozer, A. G., Hoefel, A. L., Cecconello, A. L., Zanini, P., Niches, G., Kucharski, L. C., & Ribeiro, M. F. M. (2016) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.11.014 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Skeletal Muscle Response to Energy Deficiency: A Life History Perspective
Júnior, G. N. D. O., Pinto, R. S., Shirley, M. K., Longman, D. P., Koehler, K., Saunders, B., Roschel, H., & Dolan, E. (2022) · Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology · doi:10.1007/s40750-021-00182-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Endocrine-Environment Interaction in Human Variability
Purifoy, F. E. (1981) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev.an.10.100181.001041 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Gender and sex interactions are intrinsic components of cancer phenotypes
Rubin, J. B. (2025) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41568-025-00829-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The impact of this on survival is demonstrated by the consistently lower mortality in individuals with XX/ovaries compared to those with XY/testes during times of starvation 130–132 .”
Drèze, J., & Sen, A. K. (1991) · doi:10.1093/0198283652.003.0011 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Electrocardiographic Abnormalities in Obese Rats Fed a Commercially Available Liquid Protein Diet
Anderson, Y., Ahn, P., & Hegarty, P. V. J. (1981) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/111.3.568 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Human Adaptation to Energy Undernutrition
Norgan, N. G., & Ferro-Luzzi, A. (1996) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.cp040261 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Drèze, J., & Sen, A. K. (1991) · doi:10.1093/0198283652.003.0002 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Perinatal Programming and Blood Pressure
Kallash, M., Ingelfinger, J. R., & Vehaskari, V. M. (2013) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-490-6_7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Body fat distribution, inflammation and cardiovascular disease
Toss, F. (2011) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Drèze, J., & Sen, A. K. (1991) · doi:10.1093/0198283652.003.0005 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sex ratio in goitered gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa Guldenstaedt, 1780)
Blank, D. A., & Yang, W. (2012) · ACTA THERIOLOGICA · doi:10.1007/s13364-012-0097-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Due to the higher cost of rearing males (Clutton-Brock 1991; Cassinello and Gomendio 1996), they are predisposed to greater mortality than females, both at birth and during nursing (Clutton-Brock et al. 1985; Clutton-Brock and Coulson 2002; Hewison and Gaillard 1999; Widdowson 1976).”
BackgroundMetabolic Changes and Their Characterization
Ain, N.-U., & Gull, H. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-1067-0_2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Drèze, J., & Sen, A. K. (1991) · doi:10.1093/0198283652.003.0001 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sex-Specific Factors in Stroke
Chauhan, A., Moser, H., & McCullough, L. D. (2017) · Springer series in translational stroke research · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45345-3_32 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Decline of the Southern Resident Population of Killer Whales: A Two-Part Analysis
Abbott, K. (2004) · DukeSpace (Duke University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Production, Entitlements and Nutrition
Drèze, J., & Sen, A. K. (1991) · doi:10.1093/0198283652.003.0009 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Drèze, J., & Sen, A. K. (1991) · doi:10.1093/0198283652.003.0003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nutritional Modulation of Aging by Caloric Restriction
Mattison, J. A., Ingram, D. K., Roth, G. S., & Lane, M. A. (2002) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000061459 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Broom, J., Fleck, A., Davidson, D. F., Rosenburg, C., & Durnin, J. V. G. A. (1978) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns19780048 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Molecular studies on sex differences in hepatic gene expression and fuel metabolism
Cheung, L. K. (2008) · Figshare
- Authors
- Widdowson, E. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Widdowson, Elise M.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 1976-09
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 175-180
- ISSN
- 0029-6651 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2719
- OpenAlex
- W1985488272
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of The Nutrition Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Nutrition, Health, and Society Studies
- Keywords
- nutritional stress, sex differences, energy deficiency, excess energy, energy intake, nutrient requirements, nutrient absorption, nutrient excretion
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Animals, Body Temperature, Child, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Male, Nutrition Disorders, Obesity, Protein Deficiency, Protein-Energy Malnutrition, Sex Factors, Growth Hormone, Starvation, Steroids, Stress, Physiological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
