Starving Neurons Show Sex Difference in Autophagy
Open accessAbstract
Sex-dependent differences in adaptation to famine have long been appreciated, thought to hinge on female versus male preferences for fat versus protein sources, respectively. However, whether these differences can be reduced to neurons, independent of typical nutrient depots, such as adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver, was heretofore unknown. A vital adaptation to starvation is autophagy, a mechanism for recycling amino acids from organelles and proteins. Here we show that segregated neurons from males in culture are more vulnerable to starvation than neurons from females. Nutrient deprivation decreased mitochondrial respiration, increased autophagosome formation, and produced cell death more profoundly in neurons from males versus females. Starvation-induced neuronal death was attenuated by 3-methyladenine, an inhibitor of autophagy; Atg7 knockdown using small interfering RNA; or L-carnitine, essential for transport of fatty acids into mitochondria, all more effective in neurons from males versus females. Relative tolerance to nutrient deprivation in neurons from females was associated with a marked increase in triglyceride and free fatty acid content and a cytosolic phospholipase A2-dependent increase in formation of lipid droplets. Similar sex differences in sensitivity to nutrient deprivation were seen in fibroblasts. However, although inhibition of autophagy using Atg7 small interfering RNA inhibited cell death during starvation in neurons, it increased cell death in fibroblasts, implying that the role of autophagy during starvation is both sex- and tissue-dependent. Thus, during starvation, neurons from males more readily undergo autophagy and die, whereas neurons from females mobilize fatty acids, accumulate triglycerides, form lipid droplets, and survive longer.
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Multiple aspects of mitochondrial function appear to be different between males and females under physiological conditions.
“multiple aspects of mitochondrial function appear to be different between males and females under physiological conditions”
From Sex Differences in Traumatic Brain Injury: What We Know and What We Should Know (2019) · cites this paper as [128]
Differences in mitochondrial function between males and females may be exacerbated by stress or injury.
“differences may be exacerbated by stress or injury.”
From Sex Differences in Traumatic Brain Injury: What We Know and What We Should Know (2019) · cites this paper as [128]
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A C9orf72–CARM1 axis regulates lipid metabolism under glucose starvation-induced nutrient stressPreprint
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Glial β-oxidation regulates Drosophila energy metabolism
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Review: Autophagy and neurodegeneration: survival at a cost?
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Self-citationSex Differences in Autophagy Contribute to Female Vulnerability in Alzheimer's Disease
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Sex differences in cerebral ischemia: Possible molecular mechanisms
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Sex-dependent mitophagy and neuronal death following rat neonatal hypoxia–ischemia
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Mitochondrial maintenance failure in aging and role of sexual dimorphism
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Mechanism and Regulation of Autophagy and Its Role in Neuronal Diseases
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Sex differences in pediatric traumatic brain injury
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Inhibition of autophagy as a therapeutic strategy of iron-induced brain injury after hemorrhage
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AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) and Energy-Sensing in the Brain
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Sex Differences in Constitutive Autophagy
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Gangliosides induce autophagic cell death in astrocytes
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Links between autophagy and lipid droplet dynamics
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Cell sex determines anoikis resistance in vascular smooth muscle cells
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Lipid Droplets: Their Role in Nanoparticle-Induced Oxidative Stress
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Self-citationThe Effect of Specialist Neurosciences Care on Outcome in Adult Severe Head Injury
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The role of autophagy in acute brain injury: A state of flux?
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Self-citationPreclinical models in the study of sex differences
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The impact of gender on stroke pathology and treatment
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Gender Differences Involved in the Pathophysiology of the Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Damage
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The Role of Sex Differences in Autophagy in the Heart During Coxsackievirus B3-Induced Myocarditis
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- Authors
- Du, L., Hickey, R. W., Bayir, H., Watkins, S. C., Tyurin, V. A., Guo, F., Kochanek, P. M., Jenkins, L. W., Ren, J., Gibson, G., Chu, C. T., Kagan, V. E., & Clark, R. S. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Clark, Robert S.B.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 284
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 2383-2396
- ISSN
- 0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2629091
- OpenAlex
- W2092921827
- Cited by
- 204
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 9.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (NS30318, NS061817)
- National Institute on Aging (AG026389, R01AG026389)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS-30318, R01NS038620, NS38620, NS061817)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD045968, R01HD045968)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
- Keywords
- sex differences, autophagy, nutrient deprivation, neuronal cell death, mitochondrial respiration, autophagosome formation, ATG7, 3-methyladenine, L-carnitine, fatty acid uptake, triglycerides, free fatty acids, lipid droplets, cytosolic phospholipase A2, fibroblasts
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autophagy, Cells, Cultured, Cytosol, Female, Fibroblasts, Lysosomes, Male, Microscopy, Electron, Neurons, Sex Characteristics, Substrate Specificity, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Lipid Metabolism, Rats, Group IV Phospholipases A2
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