The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 1 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The ASA Statement on p -Values: Context, Process, and Purpose
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24 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given · 1 No full text of the sources
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The widespread use of”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Statistical significance is not equivalent to scientific, human, or economic significance.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a p-value near 0.05 taken by itself offers only weak evidence against the null hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By itself, a p-value does not provide a good measure of evidence regarding a model or hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, identical estimated effects will have different p-values if the precision of the estimates differs.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A p-value provides one approach to summarizing the incompatibility between a particular set of data and a proposed model for the data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conducting multiple analyses of the data and reporting only those with certain p-values (typically those passing a significance threshold) renders the reported p-values essentially uninterpretable.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whenever a researcher chooses what to present based on statistical results, valid interpretation of those results is severely compromised if the reader is not informed of the choice and its basis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The smaller the p-value, the greater the statistical incompatibility of the data with the null hypothesis, if the underlying assumptions used to calculate the p-value hold.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Valid scientific conclusions based on p-values and related statistics cannot be drawn without at least knowing how many and which analyses were conducted, and how those analyses (including p-values) were selected for reporting.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This has led to some scientific journals discouraging the use of p-values, and some scientists and statisticians recommending their abandonment, with some arguments essentially unchanged since p-values were first introduced.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The statistical community has been deeply concerned about issues of reproducibility and replicability of scientific conclusions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the p-value can be a useful statistical measure, it is commonly misused and misinterpreted.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A conclusion does not immediately become”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these measures and approaches rely on further assumptions, but they may more directly address the size of an effect (and its associated uncertainty) or whether the hypothesis is correct.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The validity of scientific conclusions, including their reproducibility, depends on more than the statistical methods themselves.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a statement about data in relation to a specified hypothetical explanation, and is not a statement about the explanation itself.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers should recognize that a p-value without context or other evidence provides limited information.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, a relatively large p-value does not imply evidence in favor of the null hypothesis; many other hypotheses may be equally or more consistent with the observed data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This incompatibility can be interpreted as casting doubt on or providing evidence against the null hypothesis or the underlying assumptions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Appropriately chosen techniques, properly conducted analyses and correct interpretation of statistical results also play a key role in ensuring that conclusions are sound and that uncertainty surrounding them is represented properly.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Misunderstanding or misuse of statistical inference is only one cause of the”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peng 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smaller p-values do not necessarily imply the presence of larger or more important effects, and larger p-values do not imply a lack of importance or even lack of effect.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In view of the prevalent misuses of and misconceptions concerning p-values, some statisticians prefer to supplement or even replace p-values with other approaches.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is widespread consensus in the statistical community on the principles articulated in the ASA statement.
“according to widespread consensus in the statistical community”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While the large scale of the Tabula Muris Senis dataset provides substantial power to predict subtle changes in LR interactions, the biological complexity, dependencies among communication pairs, and multiple testing burden require that these p-values be interpreted within a broader biological and statistical context [33].”
From Quantitative profiling of lifespan-dependent cell-cell communication potential reveals dynamic ligand-receptor network shifts across mouse tissues (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These types of incorrect descriptions contribute to confirmation bias, overinterpretation of results, and reporting correlation as implied causation (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is especially true of relatively large-sample-size studies (as most learning analytics studies are), which are likely to obtain statistically significant findings in relatively small variations in measures such as GPA (Field 2017; Salkind 2016 Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
In the citing paper
“In 2016, the American Statistical Association released a statement on statistical significance and the P value with six principles underlying the proper use and interpretation of this statistical tool (77).”
From Misrepresentation and distortion of research in biomedical literature (2018) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Although we also present p values for exploratory analyses, we refrain from labeling any of them as statistically significant, following best-practice recommendations for statistical analysis [43].”
From Comparing quality of reporting between preprints and peer-reviewed articles in the biomedical literature (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Contrary to IJE author recommendations and recent guidance from the American Statistics Society, 16 Gao et al. largely base their conclusions on findings with a P -value equivalent to < 0.05 after multiple testing.”
From Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Following guidance,50 we focused on 95% CIs, rather than statistical significance. For example, unlike conventional interpretations, we did not outright interpret an effect estimate “non‐significant” if the lower or upper bound of the 95% CI was slightly above/below the null value; we interpreted them as “suggestive” of an effect.”
From Third‐wave cognitive behaviour therapies for weight management: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [50]
Citations
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“We also adhered to the latest guidance on presentation of p-values per the American Statistical Association (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
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“In the significance testing of the null hypothesis, the p-value was the probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the results actually observed under the assumption that the null hypothesis was correct [47].”
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Caesarean section and risk of type 1 diabetes: whole‐of‐population study
Begum, M., Pilkington, R. M., Chittleborough, C., Lynch, J. W., Penno, M. A. S., & Smithers, L. G. (2019) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.14131 · Cited by 20
Yang, C., Panlilio, C. C., Verdiglione, N., Lehman, E. B., Hamm, R. M., Fiene, R., Dore, S., Bard, D., Grable, B., & Levi, B. H. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227398 · Cited by 21
Statistical mistakes and how to avoid them – lessons learned from the reproducibility crisis
Turkiewicz, A., Luta, G., Hughes, V., & Ranstam, J. (2018) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2018.07.017 · Cited by 21
Galicia, K. E., Thompson, C. M., Lewis, A. E., et al. (2023) · Journal of Burn Care & Research · doi:10.1093/jbcr/irad049 · Cited by 19
Reaños, M. A. T., Meier, D., Curtis, J. A., & Pillai, A. (2023) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113448 · Cited by 20
Straub, L., Bateman, B. T., Hernández–Dı́az, S., Zhu, Y., Suarez, E. A., Vine, S. M., Jones, H. E., Connery, H. S., Davis, J. M., Gray, K. J., et al. (2024) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2024.11501 · Cited by 19
Htun, H. L., Teshale, A. B., Ryan, J. L., Owen, A. J., Chong, T. T. ‐., Orchard, S. G., Murray, A. M., Shah, R. C., Woods, R. L., & Freak‐Poli, R. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.70065 · Cited by 19
“29 TheanalyticstrategyissummarizedinFigure1C.”
Khan, S. M., Gull, A., Akhtar, M., Gull, B., Najmi, A. K., Parveen, R., Ali, J., & Khan, S. I. (2025) · Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery · doi:10.1080/17425247.2025.2556979 · Cited by 21
“A p-value represents the probability of observing data as extreme as the current results under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true [153,162,163].”
Steward, O. (2016) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0072-16.2016 · Cited by 18
“Concerns about this issue led to a position paper published on behalf of the American Statistical Association (ASA) on p values and statistical significance (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
Robinson, G. K. (2018) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1080/00031305.2017.1415971 · Cited by 17
“See, for instance, Nuzzo (2014) and Wasserstein and Lazar (2016).”
BackgroundDesigning the Structure of Technological Processes Based on Synthesis
Kalyakulin, S. Y., Kuzmin, V. V., Mitin, E. V., et al. (2018) · Mordovia University Bulletin · doi:10.15507/0236-2910.028.201801.077-084 · Cited by 19
RetractedBarnett, A. G., Zardo, P., & Graves, N. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0195613 · Cited by 16
Toward a new threshold for the P value?
Laccourreye, O., & Maisonneuve, H. (2018) · European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.anorl.2018.05.010 · Cited by 19
Reporting Characteristics in Sports Nutrition
Earnest, C. P., Roberts, B. M., Harnish, C., Kutz, J. L., Cholewa, J. M., & Johannsen, N. M. (2018) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports6040139 · Cited by 19
“That said, the CONSORT Statement was developed to improve transparency in parallel-group randomized controlled trials and would certainly bear closer scrutiny within the sports sciences as a whole as these guidelines have been widely adopted across many higher tiered journals [4,34–36].”
MethodInfluentialSamarei, R., & Mabarian, S. (2020) · European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.anorl.2020.01.024 · Cited by 22
Yee, T. W. (2021) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.2021.1886936 · Cited by 19
“In an era of high-dimensional statistics and Big Data the p-value remains a chief centerpiece of classical frequentist statistical inference (Meinshausen, Meier, and Bühlmann 2009; Fan 2014; Dezeure et al. 2015) despite recent statements about their misuse (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
MethodPetersen, J. M., Yazdy, M. M., Getz, K., Anderka, M., & Werler, M. M. (2020) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa436 · Cited by 21
“Although we made this adjustment, we did not accept or reject our hypotheses based on a specific statistical significance threshold, as now advised by the American Statistical Association (43).”
MethodAccounting research and the significance test crisis
Johnstone, D. J. (2021) · Critical Perspectives on Accounting · doi:10.1016/j.cpa.2021.102296 · Cited by 19
Diffusion tensor imaging in cubital tunnel syndrome
Griffiths, T. T., Flather, R., Teh, I., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94211-7 · Cited by 19
Tulk, J., Rash, J. A., Thoms, J., Wassersug, R. J., Gonzalez, B. D., & Garland, S. N. (2021) · BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care · doi:10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003098 · Cited by 19
McCaw, Z. R., Tian, L., Wei, J., Claggett, B. L., Bretz, F., Fitzmaurice, G. M., & Wei, L. (2021) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.8971 · Cited by 19
Moving biological anthropology research beyond p < 0.05
Valeggia, C. R., & Fernández‐Duque, E. (2021) · American Journal of Biological Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.24444 · Cited by 21
What threatens stock markets more - The coronavirus or the hype around it?
Nepp, A. N., Okhrin, O., Egorova, Y., Dzhuraeva, Z., & А.С., З. (2021) · International Review of Economics & Finance · doi:10.1016/j.iref.2021.12.007 · Cited by 19
“Given the prevalent misuses of, and misconceptions concerning p-values, the ASA Statement on Statistical Significance and p-values mentions other approaches that emphasise estimation over testing, such as Bayesian methods: see Wasserstein and Lazar (2016). For this reason, instead of estimating the complete linear mod…”
Radžvilas, M., Pretis, F. D., Peden, W., Tortoli, D., & Osimani, B. (2022) · Computational Economics · doi:10.1007/s10614-022-10250-w · Cited by 21
Post, A. K., Koning, R. H., Visscher, C., & Elferink-Gemser, M. T. (2022) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102219 · Cited by 23
Han, Y., Rizzo, D. M., Hanley, J. P., Coderre, E. L., & Prelock, P. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269773 · Cited by 20
King, W. C., Hinerman, A. S., & White, G. E. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.31593 · Cited by 19
Statistical Guidance to Authors at Top-Ranked Journals across Scientific Disciplines
Hardwicke, T. E., Salholz‐Hillel, M., Malički, M., Szűcs, D., Bendixen, T., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2022) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1080/00031305.2022.2143897 · Cited by 23
“…in the edifice of scientific claims, but they are widely misused, misreported, and misinterpreted across several scientific disciplines (Altman 1982; Gigerenzer 2018; Nieuwenhuis, Forstmann, and Wagenmakers 2011; Sedlmeier and Gigerenzer 1989; Strasak et al. 2007; Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
BackgroundNovel photothermal pyrolysis on waste fan blade to generate bisphenol A
Ren, Q., Lei, Z., Hu, S. J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis · doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2022.105828 · Cited by 19
Emerson, E., & Llewellyn, G. M. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605221141868 · Cited by 21
“Given the limitations of null hypothesis significance testing when applied to relatively small samples (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016), in this case 29 countries, as well as reporting statistically significant associations, we also draw attention to associations that while not meeting the alpha level…”
MethodDoherty, R. J., Henry, J. H., Brennan, D., & Javadpour, M. (2022) · Neurosurgical Review · doi:10.1007/s10143-022-01930-0 · Cited by 19
“It has an incidence of approximately 8–11 per 100,000 people with some regional variation and results in high levels of morbidity and mortality worldwide [1–5].”
Maierhofer, C., Ranapurwala, S. I., DiPrete, B. L., Fulcher, N., Ringwalt, C. L., Chelminski, P. R., Ives, T. J., Dasgupta, N., Go, V. F.-L., & Pence, B. W. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109727 · Cited by 22
Bested, K., Jensen, L. M., Andresen, T., Tarp, G., Skovbjerg, L., Johansen, T. S. D., Schmedes, A., Storgaard, I. K., Madsen, J. S., Werner, M. U., et al. (2023) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000001080 · Cited by 21
“The authors are aware of the discussions concerning the indiscriminate use of P values as an absolute mean of null hypothesis testing.(1,49,50) In this article, the term statistical significance was avoided.”
Theory and methods of the multiverse: an application for panel-based models
Cantone, G. G., & Tomaselli, V. (2023) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-023-01698-5 · Cited by 18
“…more extreme values of a test statistic under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true must be inferior to a threshold ( 𝛼 ) in order for a result to be statistically significant (Gelman 2015; Earp and Trafimow 2015; Wasserstein and Lazar 2016; McShane et al. 2019; Wasserstein et al. 2019).”
Suicide Intervention Gatekeeper Training
Osteen, P. J. (2016) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731516680298 · Cited by 19
“Results are provided for sample-based point estimates, with observed effect sizes and confidence intervals (Greenland et al., 2016; Wasserstein & Lazarm, 2016) and p values.”
BackgroundReliability of infarct volumetry: Its relevance and the improvement by a software-assisted approach
Friedländer, F., Bohmann, F. O., Brunkhorst, M., Chae, J., Devraj, K., Köhler, Y., Kraft, P., Kuhn, H., Lucaciu, A., Luger, S., et al. (2016) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x16681311 · Cited by 22
“Furthermore, we analyzed the p-values of the simulated tests, as it is common practice to interpret the ‘‘level of significance’’ as a ‘‘weight of evidence,’’ a problem which is controversially discussed in science.(41) Supporting this controversy, our simulation shows that the distribution of the simulated tests’ p-v…”
MethodSchofield, P. (2017) · BJPsych Bulletin · doi:10.1192/pb.bp.116.055053 · Cited by 19
Salci, L. E., & Ginis, K. A. M. (2017) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.04.001 · Cited by 21
Pernet, C. R. (2017) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.6963.5 · Cited by 26
Evaluating Predictive Models of Student Success: Closing the Methodological Gap
Gardner, J., & Brooks, C. A. (2018) · Journal of Learning Analytics · doi:10.18608/jla.2018.52.7 · Cited by 21
“…under a null hypothesis of equivalence only requires collecting enough data (or conducting enough runs of cross-validation), under which conditions H 0 can always be rejected (Cohen, 1994; Dem ˇ sar, 2008; Dietterich, 1998; McShane et al., 2017; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016; Witten et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRuiz, G. T., Rey-Martínez, J. A., Caletrío, Á. B., Matiñó-Soler, E., & Pérez‐Fernández, N. (2018) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0000000000000576 · Cited by 19
Show Us Your Data: Connect the Dots, Improve Science
Levine, S. S. (2018) · Management and Organization Review · doi:10.1017/mor.2018.19 · Cited by 17
“Take, for instance, statistical significance or hypothesis testing: Statisticians have been warning for years that p-value is not a measure of hypothesis veracity (e.g., Gelman & Stern, 2006; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016), even if some mistakenly believe so (McShane & Gal, 2015).”
Is There a Cult of Statistical Significance in Agricultural Economics?
Rommel, J., & Weltin, M. (2020) · Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy · doi:10.1002/aepp.13050 · Cited by 19
“The misinterpretation of p-values has recently received notable attention from economists (e.g., KRÄMER, 2011; HIRSCHAUER ET AL., 2016a,b, 2017) and scholars from other disciplines (e.g., GREENLAND ET AL., 2016; WASSERSTEIN AND LAZAR, 2016).”
BackgroundA Primary Care Intervention to Prevent Repeat Pregnancy Among Teen Mothers
Lewin, A. B., Mitchell, S., Quinn, D. A., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2018.10.015 · Cited by 19
A parametric bootstrap algorithm for cluster number determination of load pattern categorization
Luo, X., Zhu, X., & Lim, E. G. (2019) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2019.04.089 · Cited by 20
“Accordingly, the p value (proposed in Equation (6)) which is a widely used parameter in a statistical hypothesis [33] is adopted to determine a precise In the proposed PB algorithm, the requirement of an acceptable hypothesis k is defined as: if p α , the hypothesis of including k clusters is…”
MethodShould Psychology Journals Adopt Specialized Statistical Review?
Hardwicke, T. E., Frank, M. C., Vazire, S., & Goodman, S. N. (2019) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2515245919858428 · Cited by 20
“These views contrast starkly with those of biomedical editors and statisticians (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016), who almost universally accept the notion that statistical errors or suboptimal analyses can go undetected by regular peer review, and that specialized and targeted statistical review is…”
BackgroundTruncated lognormal distributions and scaling in the size of naturally defined population clusters
Corral, Á. J., Udina, F., & Arcaute, E. (2020) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.101.042312 · Cited by 20
“of statistical tools, which is part responsible of the recent, unfortunate, and deep problem known as reproducibility crisis, or replicability crisis [21, 22].”
BackgroundKelley, G. A., & Kelley, K. S. (2019) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glz284 · Cited by 19
“New statistics” in regulatory toxicology?
Kluxen, F. M. (2020) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104763 · Cited by 19
Wagenmakers, E., Lee, M. D., Rouder, J. N., & Morey, R. D. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-48043-1_8 · Cited by 24
Defining Chronic Mucus Hypersecretion Using the CAT in the SPIROMICS Cohort
Stott‐Miller, M., Müllerová, H., Miller, B. E., Tabberer, M. M., Baou, C. E., Keeley, T., Martínez, F. J., Han, M. K., Dransfield, M. T., Hansel, N. N., et al. (2020) · International Journal of COPD · doi:10.2147/copd.s267002 · Cited by 18
State Medical Board Policy and Opioid Prescribing: A Controlled Interrupted Time Series
Ranapurwala, S. I., Ringwalt, C. L., Pence, B. W., Schiro, S., Fulcher, N., McCort, A. D., DiPrete, B. L., & Marshall, S. W. (2020) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2020.09.015 · Cited by 18
High heart rates in hunting harbour porpoises
McDonald, B. I., Elmegaard, S. L., Johnson, M. P., Wiśniewska, D. M., Rojano‐Doñate, L., Galatius, A., Siebert, U., Teilmann, J., & Madsen, P. T. (2021) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.1596 · Cited by 19
“B 288 : 20211596 which is a doubling of the median dive duration, only resulted in a 3 bpm decrease in LQ and bottom-of-dive ƒ H and dive duration explained less than 3% of the variation in ƒ H ; electronic supplementary material, table S1) [38,39].”
BackgroundMyelin water imaging in relapsing multiple sclerosis treated with ocrelizumab and interferon beta-1a
Kolind, S., Abel, S., Taylor, C. M., Tam, R. C., Laule, C., Li, D. K. B., Garren, H., Gaetano, L., Bernasconi, C., Clayton, D., et al. (2022) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103109 · Cited by 21
“As this analysis was exploratory, except for the mentioned adjustment in fixed effects models, no correction for multiple comparisons was made, and p-values are provided without a strict definition of significance (Statistical Association, 2016; Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
Methodp-Values: The Insight to Modern Statistical Inference
Fraser, D. (2017) · Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application · doi:10.1146/annurev-statistics-060116-054139 · Cited by 22
Weight gain during pregnancy and the black-white disparity in preterm birth
Leonard, S. A., Petito, L. C., Stephansson, O., Hutcheon, J. A., Bodnar, L. M., Mujahid, M. S., Cheng, Y. W., & Abrams, B. F. (2017) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.05.001 · Cited by 19
“significance was determined by the magnitude of effect estimates and width of 132 confidence intervals in addition to p-values.(24) 133”
Friedel, J. E., DeHart, W. B., Foreman, A. M., & Andrew, M. E. (2019) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1002/jeab.497 · Cited by 20
Hinnov, L. A., Wu, H., & Fang, Q. (2016) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.07.030 · Cited by 20
Adiposity, metabolites, and colorectal cancer risk: Mendelian randomization studyPreprint
Bull, C. J., Bell, J. A., Murphy, N., Sanderson, E. C. M., Smith, G. D., Timpson, N. J., Banbury, B. L., Albanes, D., Berndt, S. I., Bezieau, S., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.03.19.20031138 · Cited by 19
Zygmont, C. S. (2023) · The Quantitative Methods for Psychology · doi:10.20982/tqmp.19.4.p302 · Cited by 34
“The American Statistical Association’s statement on statistical significance and p-values notes that assumptions should be one of the contextual factors considered for proper statistical inference and that complete reporting and transparency are good scientific practice (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundA refined approach for evaluating small datasets via binary classification using machine learning
Steinert, S., Ruf, V., Dzsotjan, D., Großmann, N., Schmidt, A., Kühn, J., & Küchemann, S. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0301276 · Cited by 23
“In classical statistics, one of the most commonly used methods for hypothesis testing is the determination of the p -value [15].”
Phytoplankton biomass in northern lakes reveals a complex response to global change
Paltsev, A., Bergström, A., Vuorio, K. M., Creed, I. F., Hessen, D. O., Kortelainen, P., Vuorenmaa, J., de Wit, H. A., Lau, D. C. P., Vrede, T., et al. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173570 · Cited by 20
The misunderstood P-value: why statistical significance is not enough in clinical practice
Ahmed, E. S., & Butt, M. N. (2025) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2025.01.008 · Cited by 19
Martuszewski, A., Paluszkiewicz, P., Poręba, R., & Gać, P. (2025) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb47050332 · Cited by 21
“This distinction aims to improve clarity and allows for an approximate assessment of the statistical strength of the findings, without introducing excessive numerical precision. p -values were not interpreted as indicators of effect size or clinical relevance [20–22].”
Ma, Y., Jacques, D., Jin, M., Ding, S., Liu, Z., Liu, S., Zhang, J., Guan, Q., Zeng, H., Zhao, H., et al. (2026) · Cement and Concrete Composites · doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106551 · Cited by 22
Statistical Analysis in Preclinical Biomedical Research
Marino, M. J. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804725-5.00003-3 · Cited by 21
Interpreting Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Orthopaedic Surgery
Docter, S., Fathalla, Z., Lukacs, M. J., Khan, M. C. M., Jennings, M. M., Liu, S., Dong, S., Getgood, A. M. J., & Bryant, D. (2020) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/jbjs.20.00474 · Cited by 17
Machine Learning for Asset Managers
de Prado, M. L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108883658 · Cited by 32
Cardeña, E., Pick, S., & Litwin, R. (2020) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107121 · Cited by 19
“Following the American Statistical Association guidelines [18], we are not employing p b .”
Détente: A Practical Understanding of P values and Bayesian Posterior Probabilities
Ruberg, S. J. (2020) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt.2004 · Cited by 20
The Behavioral Ecology of Sex Tourism: The Consequences of Skewed Sex Ratios
Köck, F. (2020) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/0047287520946106 · Cited by 20
“Considering the substantial correlation coefficient, the moderate significance may likely be the result of low power because of the small sample size (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
BackgroundXie, S.-H., Rabbani, S., Ness‐Jensen, E., & Lagergren, J. (2020) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-0572 · Cited by 18
“We interpreted the results in terms of magnitudes of associations and precision of the risk estimates conveyed by 95% CIs, rather than using P values as measures of significance (24, 25).”
MethodBerman, Y. E., Doherty, D. A., Main, K. M., Frederiksen, H. W., Keelan, J. A., Newnham, J. P., & Hart, R. J. (2020) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.110313 · Cited by 17
The effect of decongestion on nasal airway patency and airflow
Xiao, Q., Bates, A. J., Cetto, R., & Doorly, D. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-93769-6 · Cited by 18
Hörner, D. V., Pittman, Z., Selby, N. M., & Taal, M. W. (2021) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711452100249x · Cited by 18
Serendipity in the city: User evaluations of urban recommender systems
Smets, A., Vannieuwenhuyze, J., & Ballon, P. (2021) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.24552 · Cited by 18
A pilot randomized clinical trial of a teamwork intervention for heart failure care dyads
Irani, E., Niyomyart, A., Dolansky, M. A., Stephens, J. P., Ganocy, S. J., Josephson, R., & Hickman, R. L. (2021) · Heart & Lung · doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2021.07.008 · Cited by 17
Karmakar, B., & Halder, G. (2021) · Energy Conversion and Management · doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114733 · Cited by 18
Okabayashi, S., Yamazaki, H., Tominaga, K., et al. (2022) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.16865 · Cited by 18
Metadata
- Authors
- Wasserstein, R. L., & Lazar, N. A.
- Affiliations
- American Statistical Association, 732 North Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-1943
- American Statistical Association (US)
- ORCID
- Lazar, Nicole A.
- Venue
- The American Statistician
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-04-02
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-133
- ISSN
- 0003-1305 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-2731
- OpenAlex
- W2293040502
- Semantic Scholar
- 81a65f23474ffceb2481836328608102950da979
- Cited by
- 6,306
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 625 · 2025: 629 · 2024: 575 · 2023: 543 · 2022: 642 · 2021: 676 · 2020: 678 · 2019: 666 · 2018: 596 · 2017: 438 · 2016: 226
- FWCI
- 649.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The American Statistician (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistics Education and Methodologies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Keywords
- p-values, statistical evidence, p-value interpretation, statistical inference, hypothesis testing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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