The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Uncertain Geographic Context Problem
Abstract
Any study that examines the effects of area-based attributes on individual behaviors or outcomes faces another fundamental methodological problem besides the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). It is the problem that results about these effects can be affected by how contextual units or neighborhoods are geographically delineated and the extent to which these areal units deviate from the true geographic context. The problem arises because of the spatial uncertainty in the actual areas that exert the contextual influences under study and the temporal uncertainty in the timing and duration in which individuals experienced these contextual influences. Using neighborhood effects and environmental health research as a point of departure, this article clarifies the nature and sources of this problem, which is referred to as the uncertain geographic context problem (UGCoP). It highlights some of the inferential errors that the UGCoP might cause and discusses some means for mitigating the problem. It reviews recent studies to show that both contextual variables and research findings are sensitive to different delineations of contextual units. The article argues that the UGCoP is a problem as fundamental as the MAUP but is a different kind of problem. Future research needs to pay explicit attention to its potential confounding effects on research results and to methods for mitigating the problem.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Another limitation is that the segregation analysis was conducted at the statistical sector level, which introduces uncertainties due to variations in geography and scale (Kwan 1998(Kwan , 2012)).”
From Visitation patterns across mobility groups: wandering, commuting, and exploring (2026) · cites this paper as Kwan 2012
Citations
Cites
Understanding individual human mobility patterns
González, M. C., Hidalgo, C. A., & Barabási, A.-Ĺ. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06958 · Cited by 6,186
Sheller, M., & Urry, J. (2006) · Environment and Planning A Economy and Space · doi:10.1068/a37268 · Cited by 6,151
Assessing “Neighborhood Effects”: Social Processes and New Directions in Research
Sampson, R. J., Morenoff, J. D., & Gannon-Rowley, T. (2002) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.141114 · Cited by 4,074
WHAT ABOUT PEOPLE IN REGIONAL SCIENCE?
Hägerstrand, T. (1970) · Papers of the Regional Science Association · doi:10.1111/j.1435-5597.1970.tb01464.x · Cited by 3,532
Roux, A. V. D., & Mair, C. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05333.x · Cited by 2,922
Place effects on health: how can we conceptualise, operationalise and measure them?
MacIntyre, S., Ellaway, A., & Cummins, S. (2002) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(01)00214-3 · Cited by 2,099
Investigating Neighborhood and Area Effects on Health
Roux, A. V. D. (2001) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.91.11.1783 · Cited by 1,895
Shekhar, S., Xiong, H. Y., & Zhou, X. S. (2017) · Encyclopedia of GIS · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17885-1_100791 · Cited by 1,888
The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem in Multivariate Statistical Analysis
Fotheringham, A. S., & Wong, D. (1991) · Environment and Planning A Economy and Space · doi:10.1068/a231025 · Cited by 1,561
Linking objectively measured physical activity with objectively measured urban form
Frank, L. D., Schmid, T. L., Sallis, J. F., Chapman, J. E., & Saelens, B. E. (2005) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.11.001 · Cited by 1,553
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Kwan, M.P., Kenda, L. L., Wewers, M. E., Ferketich, A. K. and Klein, E. G. 2011. “Sociogeographic context, pro-tobacco advertising, and smokeless tobacco usage in the Appalachian Region of Ohio (USA)”. Paper presented at the 2011 International Medical Geography Symposium, Durham, UK
- Löytönen M., 1998, GIS and health, 97
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 1,001
Gunn, L., Mavoa, S., Boulangé, C., Hooper, P., Kavanagh, A. M., & Giles‐Corti, B. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0621-9 · Cited by 66
Koohsari, M. J., Nakaya, T., & Oka, K. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15092054 · Cited by 66
Kim, Y.-L. (2019) · International Journal of Geographical Information Systems · doi:10.1080/13658816.2019.1694680 · Cited by 64
The impact of immediate urban environments on people’s momentary happiness
Su, L., Zhou, S., Kwan, M., Chai, Y., & Zhang, X. (2021) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1177/0042098020986499 · Cited by 64
Self-citationMa, J., Liu, G., Kwan, M., & Chai, Y. (2021) · Travel Behaviour and Society · doi:10.1016/j.tbs.2021.05.004 · Cited by 63
Self-citationShareck, M., Kestens, Y., Vallée, J., Datta, G. D., & Frohlich, K. L. (2015) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-052194 · Cited by 63
Kim, J., & Kwan, M. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16010089 · Cited by 63
Self-citationZhang, X., Zhou, S., Kwan, M., Su, L., & Lu, J. (2020) · International Journal of Health Geographics · doi:10.1186/s12942-020-00246-w · Cited by 62
Self-citationLiu, Y., Kwan, M., & Yu, C. (2023) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2023.127972 · Cited by 63
Self-citationAre New Towns Prone to Urban Heat Island Effect? Implications for Planning Form and Function
You, M., Huang, J., & Guan, C. (2023) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2023.104939 · Cited by 62
Liu, X., Chen, X., Tian, M., & Vos, J. D. (2023) · Journal of Transport Geography · doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2023.103730 · Cited by 62
Wang, J., Kwan, M., & Chai, Y. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15040703 · Cited by 62
Self-citationEffect of changes in green spaces on mental health in older adults: a fixed effects analysis
Noordzij, J. M., Beenackers, M. A., Groeniger, J. O., & van Lenthe, F. J. (2019) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2019-212704 · Cited by 63
Liu, D., Wang, R., Grekousis, G., Liu, Y., & Lü, Y. (2023) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2023.102027 · Cited by 63
Reichert, M., Braun, U., Lautenbach, S., Zipf, A., Ebner‐Priemer, U., Tost, H., & Meyer‐Lindenberg, A. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.08.026 · Cited by 72
Fowler, C. S., & Jensen, L. (2020) · Environment and Planning A Economy and Space · doi:10.1177/0308518x20906154 · Cited by 61
Li, J., & Kim, C. (2020) · Applied Geography · doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102169 · Cited by 60
Dzhambov, A. M., Lercher, P., Rüdisser, J., Browning, M. H. E. M., & Markevych, I. (2020) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.110456 · Cited by 59
Malmberg, B., Andersson, E., & Bergsten, Z. (2014) · Annals of the Association of American Geographers · doi:10.1080/00045608.2014.912546 · Cited by 60
Kestens, Y., Wasfi, R., Naud, A., & Chaix, B. (2017) · Current Environmental Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s40572-017-0121-8 · Cited by 66
Hasanzadeh, K., Broberg, A., & Kyttä, M. (2017) · Applied Geography · doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.04.006 · Cited by 61
Residential or activity space walkability: What drives transportation physical activity?
Howell, N. A., Farber, S., Widener, M. J., & Booth, G. L. (2017) · Journal of Transport & Health · doi:10.1016/j.jth.2017.08.011 · Cited by 60
Kaczynski, A. T., Eberth, J. M., Stowe, E. W., Wende, M. E., Liese, A. D., McLain, A. C., Breneman, C. B., & Josey, M. J. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-020-00984-x · Cited by 62
Wang, J., Kou, L., Kwan, M., Shakespeare, R. M., Lee, K., & Park, Y. M. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21124039 · Cited by 59
Self-citationSpatial Disparities of COVID-19 Cases and Fatalities in United States Counties
Jackson, S., Derakhshan, S., Blackwood, L., Lee, L., Huang, Q., Habets, M., & Cutter, S. L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18168259 · Cited by 59
Immigrant health, place effect and regional disparities in Canada
Wang, L., & Hu, W. (2013) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.08.040 · Cited by 59
Duncan, D. T., Kapadia, F., Regan, S. D., Goedel, W. C., Lévy, M. D., Barton, S. C., Friedman, S. R., & Halkitis, P. N. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147520 · Cited by 60
Cerin, E., Mitáš, J., Cain, K. L., Conway, T. L., Adams, M. A., Schofield, G., Sarmiento, O. L., Reis, R. S., Schipperijn, J., Davey, R., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0493-z · Cited by 59
Spitzer, K. A., Stefan, M. S., Priya, A., Pack, Q. R., Pekow, P. S., Lagu, T. C., Mazor, K. M., Pinto-Plata, V., ZuWallack, R., & Lindenauer, P. K. (2020) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2019.11.044 · Cited by 59
Ribeiro, A. I., Tavares, C. S. D., Guttentag, A., & Barros, H. (2019) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105070 · Cited by 65
GIS-based spatio-temporal analysis and modeling of COVID-19 incidence rates in Europe
Kianfar, N., & Mesgari, M. S. (2022) · Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.sste.2022.100498 · Cited by 58
Shareck, M., Kestens, Y., & Gauvin, L. I. (2013) · International Journal of Health Geographics · doi:10.1186/1476-072x-12-40 · Cited by 58
Ma, J., Mitchell, G., Dong, G., & Zhang, W. (2016) · Annals of the American Association of Geographers · doi:10.1080/24694452.2016.1224636 · Cited by 58
Zhang, M., & Zhao, P. (2021) · Journal of Transport Geography · doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103177 · Cited by 57
Huang, J. W., & Kwan, M. (2021) · Annals of the American Association of Geographers · doi:10.1080/24694452.2021.1943301 · Cited by 57
Self-citationArd, K. J. (2016) · Population and Environment · doi:10.1007/s11111-015-0251-6 · Cited by 60
The Geography of Cultural Ties and Human Mobility: Big Data in Urban Contexts
Wu, W., Wang, J., & Dai, T. (2016) · Annals of the American Association of Geographers · doi:10.1080/00045608.2015.1121804 · Cited by 57
Assessing area-wide bikeability: A grey analytic network process
Lin, J., & Wei, Y.-H. (2018) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2018.04.022 · Cited by 57
Blaschke, T., Merschdorf, H., Cabrera-Barona, P. F., Gao, S., Papadakis, E. P., & Kovács-Győri, A. (2018) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi7110452 · Cited by 57
Environmental exposure during travel: A research review and suggestions forward
Poom, A., Willberg, E. S., & Toivonen, T. (2021) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102584 · Cited by 56
Wang, J., Kwan, M., Xiu, G., Peng, X., & Liu, Y. (2023) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104970 · Cited by 57
Self-citationTowards healthy China 2030: Modeling health care accessibility with patient referral
Xiao, Y., Chen, X., Li, Q., Jia, P., Li, L., & Chen, Z. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113834 · Cited by 56
Juul, V., & Nordbø, E. C. A. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15170-4 · Cited by 59
Chen, X., & Clark, J. K. (2015) · The Professional Geographer · doi:10.1080/00330124.2015.1032876 · Cited by 55
Vich, G., Marquet, O., & Miralles‐Guasch, C. (2017) · Geographical Journal · doi:10.1111/geoj.12220 · Cited by 55
Johnson, K. A., Showell, N. N., Flessa, S. J., Janssen, M., Reid, N., Cheskin, L. J., & Thornton, R. L. J. (2018) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1089/chi.2018.0044 · Cited by 56
Wang, L., Lee, G., & Williams, I. (2019) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi8010051 · Cited by 55
Shi, Y., Ren, C., Cai, M., Lau, K. K., Lee, T.-C., & Wong, W. K. (2019) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.041 · Cited by 55
Potter, K. M., Koch, F. H., Oswalt, C. M., & Iannone, B. V. (2015) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-015-0295-0 · Cited by 54
Assessing individual activity-related exposures to traffic congestion using GPS trajectory data
Kan, Z., Kwan, M., Liu, D., Tang, L., Chen, Y., & Fang, M. (2021) · Journal of Transport Geography · doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103240 · Cited by 54
Self-citationGender disparities in exposure to green space: An empirical study of suburban Beijing
Wu, J., Xu, Z., Jin, Y., Chai, Y., Newell, J. P., & Ta, N. (2022) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104381 · Cited by 54
Huang, J. W., Kwan, M., Cai, J., Song, W., Yu, C., Kan, Z., & Yim, S. H. L. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22062381 · Cited by 54
Self-citationSpace-time research in GIScience
Kwan, M., & Neutens, T. (2014) · International Journal of Geographical Information Systems · doi:10.1080/13658816.2014.889300 · Cited by 54
Self-citationNeighborhood walk score and selected Cardiometabolic factors in the French RECORD cohort study
Méline, J. C., Chaix, B., Pannier, B., Ogedegbe, G. G., Trasande, L., Athens, J. K., & Duncan, D. T. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4962-8 · Cited by 54
Iyanda, A., & Osayomi, T. (2020) · GeoJournal · doi:10.1007/s10708-020-10232-1 · Cited by 54
The Synergy Between Remote Sensing and Social Sensing in Urban Studies: Review and perspectives
Xing, X., Yu, B., Kang, C., Huang, B., Gong, J., & Liu, Y. (2024) · IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine · doi:10.1109/mgrs.2023.3343968 · Cited by 54
Silm, S., Ahas, R., & Mooses, V. (2017) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2017.1400425 · Cited by 53
Mears, M., & Brindley, P. (2019) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi8060286 · Cited by 53
Ma, X., Li, X., Kwan, M., & Chai, Y. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17041223 · Cited by 54
Self-citationHuang, D., Tian, M., & Yuan, L. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161819 · Cited by 52
Kim, J., & Jang, K. M. (2023) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2023.101956 · Cited by 53
The nonlinear effects of multi-scale built environments on CO2 emissions from commuting
Yang, W. (2023) · Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.trd.2023.103736 · Cited by 52
Yu, C., & Kwan, M. (2024) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103213 · Cited by 54
Self-citationLiu, J., Han, B., & Cohen, D. A. (2015) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd12.150065 · Cited by 52
Hawthorne, T. L., & Kwan, M. (2013) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.08.002 · Cited by 52
Self-citationDong, G., Ma, J., Harris, R., & Pryce, G. B. J. (2015) · Annals of the American Association of Geographers · doi:10.1080/00045608.2015.1094388 · Cited by 52
Operationalizing the neighborhood effects of the built environment on travel behavior
Gehrke, S. R., & Wang, L. (2019) · Journal of Transport Geography · doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.102561 · Cited by 51
Zhang, Y., Wang, J., & Kan, C. (2021) · Journal of Transport Geography · doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103239 · Cited by 51
Wei, L., Kwan, M., Vermeulen, R. C. H., & Helbich, M. (2023) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/s41370-023-00527-z · Cited by 53
Self-citationSong, W., & Kwan, M. (2023) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2023.103129 · Cited by 51
Self-citationMilton, S., Pliakas, T., Hawkesworth, S., Nanchahal, K., Grundy, C., Amuzu, A., Casas, J. P., & Lock, K. (2015) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.10.002 · Cited by 51
Sarkar, C., Webster, C. J., & Gallacher, J. (2015) · Annals of GIS · doi:10.1080/19475683.2015.1027791 · Cited by 51
Richardson, D. B., Kwan, M., Alter, G. C., & McKendry, J. E. (2015) · Annals of GIS · doi:10.1080/19475683.2015.1027792 · Cited by 51
Self-citationColabianchi, N., Coulton, C. J., Hibbert, J., McClure, S. M., Ievers‐Landis, C. E., & Davis, E. M. (2014) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.01.004 · Cited by 51
Чэн, Б., Song, Y., Kwan, M., Huang, B., & Xu, B. (2018) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.093 · Cited by 52
Self-citationKarki, S., Brown, W. M., Uelmen, J. A., Ruiz, M. O., & Smith, R. L. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227160 · Cited by 51
Birenboim, A., Helbich, M., & Kwan, M. (2021) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2021.101650 · Cited by 49
Self-citationGIScience in the era of Artificial Intelligence: a research agenda towards Autonomous GIS
Li, Z., Ning, H., Gao, S., Janowicz, K., Li, W., Arundel, S. T., Yang, C. P., Bhaduri, B., Wang, S., Zhu, A.-X., et al. (2025) · Annals of GIS · doi:10.1080/19475683.2025.2552161 · Cited by 78
FluMapper: A cyberGIS application for interactive analysis of massive location‐based social media
Padmanabhan, A., Wang, S., Cao, G., Hwang, M., Zhang, Z., Gao, Y., Soltani, K., & Liu, Y. (2014) · Concurrency and Computation Practice and Experience · doi:10.1002/cpe.3287 · Cited by 50
Smallest is Better? The Spatial Distribution of Arson and the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem
Gerell, M. (2016) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-016-9297-6 · Cited by 49
Zahnd, W. E., & McLafferty, S. (2017) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.10.002 · Cited by 50
A place-based model of local activity spaces: individual place exposure and characteristics
Hasanzadeh, K., Rinne, T. E., & Kyttä, M. (2018) · Journal of Geographical Systems · doi:10.1007/s10109-017-0264-z · Cited by 52
Liu, B., Widener, M. J., Burgoine, T., & Hammond, D. G. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-020-00967-y · Cited by 50
Curtis, A. J., Curtis, J. W., Shook, E., Smith, S. A., Jefferis, E. S., Porter, L. C., Schuch, L., Felix, C., & Kerndt, P. R. (2015) · International Journal of Health Geographics · doi:10.1186/s12942-015-0014-8 · Cited by 49
Disease cluster detection methods: recent developments and public health implications
McLafferty, S. (2015) · Annals of GIS · doi:10.1080/19475683.2015.1008572 · Cited by 49
Hoehner, C. M., Allen, P. M., Barlow, C. E., Marx, C. M., Brownson, R. C., & Schootman, M. (2013) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwt111 · Cited by 51
Lee, S., & Lee, B. (2020) · Journal of Transport Geography · doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102694 · Cited by 49
Who are more exposed to PM2.5 pollution: A mobile phone data approach
Guo, H., Li, W., Yao, F., Wu, J., Zhou, X., Yue, Y., & Yeh, A. G. O. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105821 · Cited by 49
Constructing women's immobility: Fear of violence and Women’s constricted nocturnal travel behaviour
Zhang, M., Zhao, P., & Tong, X. (2021) · Travel Behaviour and Society · doi:10.1016/j.tbs.2021.10.002 · Cited by 55
Influence of Demographic and Health Survey Point Displacements on Raster-Based Analyses
Perez‐Heydrich, C., Warren, J., Burgert, C., & Emch, M. (2015) · Spatial Demography · doi:10.1007/s40980-015-0013-1 · Cited by 45
Vale, D., Pereira, M. F., & Viana, C. M. (2018) · Journal of Transport and Land Use · doi:10.5198/jtlu.2018.1048 · Cited by 48
Patterns of changing residential preferences during late adulthood
Andersson, E., Abramsson, M., & Malmberg, B. (2018) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x18000259 · Cited by 48
Vich, G., Marquet, O., & Miralles‐Guasch, C. (2018) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2018.08.008 · Cited by 48
Rinne, T. E., Haybatollahi, M., & Kyttä, M. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16010058 · Cited by 56
Mapping crime – Hate crimes and hate groups in the USA: A spatial analysis with gridded data
Jendryke, M., & McClure, S. C. (2019) · Applied Geography · doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2019.102072 · Cited by 48
Zhang, L., Zhou, S., Kwan, M., & Shen, M. (2021) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102655 · Cited by 48
Self-citationStatic home-based versus dynamic mobility-based assessments of exposure to urban green space
Yoo, E.-H., & Roberts, J. E. (2022) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127528 · Cited by 49
Liu, L., Lyu, H., Zhao, Y., & Zhou, D. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191811465 · Cited by 47
Xie, X., Zhou, H., & Gou, Z. (2023) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110557 · Cited by 47
Horse, A. J. Y. (2015) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12119 · Cited by 52
Metadata
- Authors
- Kwan, M.-P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kwan, Mei-Po
- ORCID
- Kwan, Mei-Po
- Venue
- Annals of the Association of American Geographers
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-09
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 958-968
- ISSN
- 0004-5608 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8306
- OpenAlex
- W1987264627
- Cited by
- 1,413
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 182 · 2025: 138 · 2024: 119 · 2023: 113 · 2022: 122 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 122 · 2019: 123 · 2018: 91 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 116.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of the Association of American Geographers (publishedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Spatial and Panel Data Analysis
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies
- Keywords
- modifiable areal unit problem, neighborhood effects, spatial uncertainty, temporal uncertainty, environmental health, confounding
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
