Implicit versus Explicit Learning Processes in a Probabilistic, Continuous Fine-Motor Catching Task

Green, Thomas D.; Flowers, John H.

doi:10.1080/00222895.1991.9942040

Cited by 97Motor Control and AdaptationSport Psychology and PerformanceVisual perception and processing mechanisms

Implicit versus Explicit Learning Processes in a Probabilistic, Continuous Fine-Motor Catching Task

Green, Thomas D., Flowers, John H.·1991·Journal of Motor Behavior

DOI 10.1080/00222895.1991.9942040

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Abstract

We compared the influences of explicit instruction and uninstructed implicit learning of correlations among visual events, in a fine-motor task. The task required visual tracking of a small "ball" of light and "catching" it by means of joystick manipulation. A general pattern of improvement with practice for instructed and "noninstructed" conditions was found. Additionally, both instructed and noninstructed conditions evidenced use of the predictive relationships among stimulus events. The improvement in overall performance caused by explicit verbal instructions was less than the improvement seen with the implicit learning condition. Further, instructed and noninstructed conditions showed different patterns of joystick activity. These findings suggest a qualitatively different approach to visual information processing and task performance for the instructional conditions

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Many aspects of motor skills can be and presumably are learned implicitly, including regularities in environmental stimuli and balance skills, and implicit learning can be more effective than explicit learning.
“Many aspects of motor skills can be and presumably are learned implicitly, including regularities in environmental stimuli and balance skills, and it has been shown that implicit learning can be more effective than explicit learning (Green & Flowers, 1991;Shea, Wulf, Whitacre, & Park, 2001;Wulf & Schmidt, 1997).”
From Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (2016) · cites this paper as Green & Flowers, 1991

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Authors: Green, T. D., & Flowers, J. H.
Affiliations: University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
Venue: Journal of Motor Behavior
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 1991-12
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Pages: 293-300
ISSN: 0022-2895 (ISSN-L)
1940-1027
DOI: 10.1080/00222895.1991.9942040
OpenAlex: W2002756497
Cited by: 97
References: 26
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 0.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Motor Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Keywords: implicit learning, explicit instruction, fine motor control, visual object tracking, predictive learning, joystick control, motor learning, practice effects, visual processing

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Implicit versus Explicit Learning Processes in a Probabilistic, Continuous Fine-Motor Catching Task

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