Cited by 648Marriage and Sexual RelationshipsAdolescent Sexual and Reproductive HealthSexuality, Behavior, and Technology

“Hookups”: Characteristics and correlates of college students' spontaneous and anonymous sexual experiences

Open access
Paul, Elizabeth L., McManus, Brian, Hayes, Allison·2000·Journal of Sex Research

Abstract

This study focused on a specific risky practice common among contemporary college students: the hookup. Hookups are defined as a sexual encounter which may or may not include sexual intercourse, usually occurring on only one occasion between two people who are strangers or brief acquaintances. The aim of this study was to determine the relative importance of a variety of social and psychological predictors in understanding differences among undergraduate students who had never hooked up, those who had hooked up without sexual intercourse, and those who had hooked up with sexual intercourse. Analyses revealed that, as predicted, social, individual, and relational psychological variables helped to explain the variance among college students' varied hookup experiences. By examining the full range of sexual involvement characteristic of the casual sexual phenomenon of hooking up within a multivariate model, we were able to achieve a more differentiated understanding of college students' casual sexual experimentation.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/00224490009552023

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 44

  1. Brooks-Gunn, J., & Furstenberg, F. F., Jr. (1990). Coming of age in the era of AIDS: Puberty, sexuality, and contraception. Milbank Quarterly, 68 (Suppl. 1), 59-84.
  2. Brown, B. B. (1982). The extent and effects of peer pressure among high school students: A retrospective analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 11, 121-133.
  3. Chng, C. L., & Moore, A. (1994). AIDS: Its effects on sexual practices among homosexual and heterosexual college students. Journal of Health Education, 25, 154-160.
  4. Cooper, M. L., Skinner, J. B., & George, W. H. (1989). Alcohol use and sex- ual risk-taking among adolescents: Methodological approaches for addressing causal issues. In D. Seminara, O. R. Watson, & A. Pawlowski (Eds.), Alcohol, immunomodulation, and AIDS (pp. 35-46). New York:
  5. Corcoran, K. J., & Thomas, L. R. (1991). The influence of observed alcohol consumption on perceptions of initiation of sexual activity in a college dating situation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 500-507.
  6. DeLamater, J. (1987). Gender differences in sexual scenarios. In K. Kelley (Ed.), Females, males, and sexuality (pp. 127-139). Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
  7. Desiderato, L. L., & Crawford, H. J. (1995). Risky sexual behavior in col- lege students: Relationship between number of sexual partners, disclo- sure of previous risky behavior, and alcohol use. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24, 55-67.
  8. Feeney, J. A., & Noller, P. (1990). Attachment style as a predictor of adult romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 281-291.
  9. Feeney, J. A., Noller, P., & Patty, J. (1993). Adolescents' interactions with the opposite sex: Influence of attachment style and gender. Journal of Adolescence, 16, 169-186.
  10. Frey, K., & Hojjat, M. (1998). Are love styles related to sexual styles? The Journal of Sex Research, 35, 265-271.
  11. Gangestad, S. W., & Simpson, J. A. (1990). Toward an evolutionary history of female sociosexual variation. Journal of Personality, 58, 69-96.
  12. Hatfield, E. (1984). The dangers of intimacy. In V. J. Derlega (Ed.), Communication, intimacy, and close relationships (pp. 207-220). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
  13. Hayes, C. (1987). Risking the future (Vol. 1). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
  14. Hendrick, C., & Hendrick, S. (1986). A theory and method of love. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 392-402.
  15. Hendrick, C., & Hendrick, S. (1989). Research on love: Does it measure up? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 784-794.
  16. Hendrick, S., & Hendrick, C. (1992). Liking, loving, and relating (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
  17. Hernandez, J. T., & DiClemente, R. J. (1992). Self-control and ego identity development as predictors of unprotected sex in late adolescent males. Journal of Adolescence, 15, 437-447.
  18. Herold, E. S., & Mewhinney, D.-M. K. (1993). Gender differences in casu- al sex and AIDS prevention: A survey of dating bars. The Journal of Sex Research, 30, 36-42.
  19. Jackson, D. N. (1967). Personality Research Form manual. Goshen, NY: Research Psychologists Press.
  20. Kenrick, D. T., Groth, G. E., Trost, M. R., & Sadalla, E.. (1993). Integrating evolutionary and social exchange perspectives on relationships: Effects of gender, self-appraisal, and involvement level on mate selection crite- ria. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 951-969.
  21. Lang, A. R. (1985). The social psychology of drinking and human sexuali- ty. Journal of Drug Issues, 2, 273-289.
  22. Lee, J. A. (1973). The colors of love: An exploration of the ways of loving. Don Mills, Canada: New Press.
  23. Leigh, B. C. (1990). The relationship of sex-related alcohol expectancies to alcohol consumption and sexual behavior. British Journal of Addiction, 85, 919-928.
  24. Leigh, B. C., & Aramburu, B. (1996). The role of alcohol and gender in choices and judgments about hypothetical sexual encounters. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, 20-30.
  25. Leigh, B. C., Aramburu, B., & Norris, J. (1992). The morning after: Gender differences in attributions about alcohol-related sexual encounters. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 343-357.
  26. Levinson, R. A., Jaccard, J., & Beamer, L. (1995). Older adolescents' engagement in casual sex: Impact of risk perception and psychosocial motivations. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24, 349-364.
  27. Levy, M. B., & Davis, K. E. (1988). Lovestyles and attachment styles com- pared: Their relations to each other and to various relationship charac- teristics. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 5, 439-471.
  28. MacDonald, N., Ebert, P., & Mason, S. (1987). Marital status and age as related to masculine and feminine personality dimensions and self- esteem. Journal of Social Psychology, 127, 289-298.
  29. Maticka-Tyndale, E. (1991). Modification of sexual activities in the era of AIDS: A trend analysis of adolescent sexual activities. Youth and Society, 23(10), 31-49.
  30. Maticka-Tyndale, E., Herold, E. S., & Mewhinney, D. (1998). Casual sex on spring break: Intentions and behaviors of Canadian students. The Journal of Sex Research, 35, 254-264.
  31. Meston, C. M., Heiman, J. R., Trapnell, P. D., & Paulhus, D. L. (1998). Socially desirable responding and sexuality self-reports. The Journal of Sex Research, 35, 148-157.
  32. Peplau, L. A., & Gordon, S. L. (1985). Women and men in love: Gender dif- ferences in close heterosexual relationships. In V. E. O'Leary, R. K. Unger, & B. S. Wallston (Eds.), Women, gender, and social psychology (pp. 257-292). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  33. Phillis, D. E., & Gromko, M. H. (1985). Sex differences in sexual activity: Reality or illusion? The Journal of Sex Research, 21, 437-448.
  34. Regan, P. C. (1998). What if you can't get what you want? Willingness to compromise ideal mate selection standards as a function of sex, mate value, and relationship context. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1294-1305.
  35. Shaver, P., & Hazan, C. (1988). A biased overview of the study of love. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 5, 473-501.
  36. Simpson, J. A., & Gangestad, S. W. (1991). Individual differences in socio- sexuality: Evidence for convergent and discriminant validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 870-883.
  37. Simpson, J. A., & Gangestad, S. W. (1992). Sociosexuality and romantic partner choice. Journal of Personality, 60, 31-51.
  38. Sprague, J., & Quadagno, D. (1989). Gender and sexual motivation: An exploration of two assumptions. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 2(1), 57-76.
  39. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1989). Using multivariate statistics, (2nd ed.). New York: Harper and Row.
  40. Temple, M. T., & Leigh, B. C. (1992). Alcohol consumption and unsafe sex- ual behavior in discrete events. The Journal of Sex Research, 29, 207-219.
  41. Whitbeck, L. B., Conger, R. D., & Kao, M. (1993). The influence of parental support, depressed affect, and peers on the sexual behaviors of adolescent girls. Journal of Family Issues, 14, 261-278.
  42. Winslow, R. W., Franzini, L. R., & Hwang, J. (1992). Perceived peer norms, casual sex, and AIDS risk prevention. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 1809-1827.
  43. Wright, T. M., & Reise, S. P. (1997). Personality and unrestricted sexual behavior: Correlations of sociosexuality in Caucasian and Asian college students. Journal of Research in Personality, 31, 166-192.
  44. Zuckerman, M., Buchsbaum, M., & Murphy, D. (1980). Sensation-seeking and its biological correlates. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 187-214. Manuscript accepted October 28, 1999

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Paul, E. L., McManus, B., & Hayes, A.
Affiliations
The College of New Jersey (US)
Venue
Journal of Sex Research
Published
2000-02
Volume
37
Issue
1
Pages
76-88
ISSN
  • 0022-4499 (ISSN-L)
  • 1559-8519
OpenAlex
W2004376714
Cited by
648
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 51
FWCI
9.78
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
The Journal of Sex Research (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Marriage and Sexual Relationships
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
Keywords
hookups, casual sex, university students, sexual risk behavior, sexual intercourse, predictors of sexual behavior, sexual exploration

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review