Thirty years of density functional theory in computational chemistry: an overview and extensive assessment of 200 density functionals
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In the past 30 years, Kohn–Sham density functional theory has emerged as the most popular electronic structuremethod in computational chemistry. To assess the ever-increasing number of approximate exchange-correlation functionals, this review benchmarks a total of 200 density functionals on a molecular database (MGCDB84) of nearly 5000 data points. The database employed, provided as Supplemental Data, is comprised of 84 data-sets and contains non-covalent interactions, isomerisation energies, thermochemistry, and barrier heights. In addition, the evolution of nonempirical and semi-empirical density functional design is reviewed, and guidelines are provided for the proper and effective use of density functionals. The most promising functional considered is ωB97M-V, a range-separated hybrid meta-GGA with VV10 nonlocal correlation, designed using a combinatorial approach. From the local GGAs, B97-D3, revPBE-D3, and BLYP-D3 are recommended, while from the local meta-GGAs, B97M-rV is the leading choice, followed by MS1-D3 and M06-LD3. The best hybrid GGAs are ωB97X-V, ωB97X-D3, and ωB97X-D, while useful hybrid meta-GGAs (besides ωB97M-V) include ωM05-D, M06-2X-D3, and MN15. Ultimately, today’s state-of-the-art functionals are close to achieving the level of accuracy desired for a broad range of chemical applications, and the principal remaining limitations are associated with systems that exhibit significant selfinteraction/ delocalisation errors and/or strong correlation effects.
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Such small errors for activation barriers lie within DFT accuracy, which is on average about 20-30 kJ mol−1 with respect to coupled cluster calculations for (meta)GGA functionals.
“Such small errors for activation barriers can be considered to lie within DFT accuracy which is on average about 20–30 kJ mol−1 with respect to coupled cluster calculations in the case of (meta)GGA functionals74.”
From A reactive neural network framework for water-loaded acidic zeolites (2024) · cites this paper as [74]
The ωB97X-D3(BJ) functional shows considerably better performance for water cluster binding energies and reaction barriers than the baseline SCAN+D3(BJ) functional.
“For the higher-level reference, we chose the range-separated hybrid DFT functional ωB97X complemented with the empirical dispersion correction D3(BJ): a functional that shows considerably better performance for water cluster binding energies and reaction barriers74,77,78 than our baseline reference SCAN+D3(BJ) functional.”
From A reactive neural network framework for water-loaded acidic zeolites (2024) · cites this paper as [74]
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- Authors
- Mardirossian, N., & Head-Gordon, M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- ORCID
- Mardirossian, Narbe
- Venue
- Molecular Physics
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-06-21
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 2315-2372
- ISSN
- 0026-8976 (ISSN-L)
- 1362-3028
- OpenAlex
- W2639728117
- Cited by
- 2,307
- References
- 258
- Citations by year
- 2026: 269 · 2025: 288 · 2024: 283 · 2023: 288 · 2022: 280 · 2021: 285 · 2020: 297 · 2019: 195 · 2018: 111 · 2017: 8 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 81.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecular Physics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Basic Energy Sciences (DE-AC02- 05CH11231)
- MURI (W911NF-14-1-0359)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Advanced Chemical Physics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Chemical Reaction Mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Physical and Theoretical Chemistry › Advanced Physical and Chemical Molecular Interactions
- Keywords
- density functionals, exchange-correlation functionals, functional benchmarking, non-covalent interactions, thermochemistry, reaction barrier height, range-separated hybrid functionals, meta-GGA, self-interaction error, strong correlation effects, Kohn-Sham theory, electronic structure methods
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