Informed Grounded Theory

“Second, the dictum can easily be used as an excuse for lazy ignorance of the literature (Silverman, 2000; Suddaby, 2006), which may lead to the belief and accusation that such research is “easy” and “atheoretical” (Morse, 1994).”

“Therefore, reflexivity is viewed as highly important among many later grounded theorists (e.g., Charmaz, 2006, 2008; Dey 2007; Dunne, 2011; McGhee et al., 2007; Mills et al., 2006a; Mruck & Mey, 2007).”

“According to Glaser (2004), memos are “theoretical notes about the data and the conceptual connections between categories” (p. 61).”

“There are, for instance, GT researchers who witness how literature in the field helped them to draw their attention to details in data, and then being able to go beyond the literature in their analysis (e.g. Bowen, 2006; Dunne, 2011; Stern, 2007).”

“Study design Informed grounded theory was used to capture organizational perspectives in clinical psychology (Charmaz & Thornberg, 2020; Thornberg, 2012).”

“We used a grounded approach whereby analysis is guided by researchers’ prior knowledge, yet is open-ended, iterative, and reflexive in nature (Thornberg, 2012).”

“The methodology was informed grounded theory (Thornberg, 2012), and the research method consisted of semi-structured interviews.”

“In line with a symbolic interactionism perspective, which provided a theoretical lens from which we examined the data using grounded theory (Thornberg 2012), when adults consider past experiences of bullying they”

“Under the scope of Informed Grounded Theory (Thornberg, 2012) and the Community of Inquiry model (Garrison, Anderson & Archer, 2000), the interview questions were designed.”

“…of health risks, health-promoting behaviors, and strategies to enhance engagement in such behaviors, utilizing constructs from the HBM and SCT. Informed Grounded Theory [IGT; 38] allows for the incorporation of existing literature and theoretical frameworks to guide qualitative research.”

“This study adopted an informed grounded theory approach [21] to explore the decisionmaking process underlying corruption.”

“Following an informed grounded theory approach (Thornberg, 2012) guided by the teacher noticing framework (Sherin et al., 2011) and a dynamic conceptualization of epistemic agency (e.g., Damşa et al., 2010), we first constructed a catalog containing each moment that a teacher tagged.”

“In accordance with an abductive research strategy (Thornberg, 2012; Timmermans and Tavory, 2012), the analytical questions guiding the study derive from the theoretical discussions on war heroes, nationalism and gender presented above.”

“Unlike the classical GT by Glaser, which emphasizes emergent theory without pre-existing frameworks, the Straussian GT permits a more structured approach and integrates existing theoretical concepts into the analysis [16].”

“Through abduction, researchers utilize a discerning procedure to explore how the data support prevailing theories or hypotheses in addition to the extent to which the data require some alterations in available theories (Thornberg, 2012).”

“Codes are derived inductively from analysis of data, as is the case with a grounded theory assessment, although the modified approach leaves room to situate the analysis within broader literature and theory (Mills et al. 2006, Thornberg 2012).”

“For this exploratory case study (Creswell and Poth, 2018), a qualitative approach for the research design was adopted, that is informed by grounded theory methods (Thornberg, 2012).”

“different essential aspects of grounded theory: Thornberg (2012) and Timonen, Foley, and Conlon (2018).”

“Analysis We analyzed our data using an informed grounded theory approach (Thornberg, 2012; Charmaz 2006; Glaser and Strauss 1967; Reichertz 2007).”

“The roadmap was developed based on the recommendations of the scientific literature on qualitative research and bullying (Minayo, 2014; Thornberg, 2011) and synthesized the study’s indicators, namely: (1) types of family interaction, the way they are configured and the feelings associated to; (2) what they consider bu…”

“In taking seriously an informed grounded theory approach (Thornberg, 2012), I treated theories and concepts as modifiable, heuristic tools, rather than “truths” in terms of their fit and relevance.”

“The data were analysed with the help of constructivist grounded theory, whereby we approached our fi ndings as co-constructed and theory laden but sought to remain as open-minded as possible (Charmaz, 2014; Charmaz et al., 2017; Thornberg, 2012).”

“Qualitative data analysis followed a systematic inductive, grounded theory informed thematic approach to transmute raw transcripts into coded, topical concepts, allowing for the identification of emergent themes (Bowen, 2006; Chandra & Shang, 2019; Thornberg, 2012).”

“(2012) state, a way to define the emerging theory from the start in an existing theoretical framework (Thornberg, 2012).”

“, 2015) while maintaining an open mind to the meaning of curricular adaptations in a different context and under different circumstances (Charmaz, 2000; Thornberg, 2012).”

“Thornberg’s (2012) paper on “Informed Grounded Theory””

“Because the fi ndings are contextual, provisional, and fallible (Thornberg 2012), and thus an interpretative portrayal rather than an exact picture of the phenomenon studied (Charmaz 2014), they should not be considered as universal truths, but as a working model that has to take into account the…”

“The POE is designed as qualitative research with semistructured in-depth interviews and related observations using an interpretivist approach (Bowen, 2006; Thornberg, 2012).”

“These memos represent not only the systemization of the data but, as Thornberg (2012) suggested, are also a vital secondary source of data in the analysis phase of the study.”

“The trans-formative paradigm is premised on empowerment, inclusivity, and participation, considering that participants interested in the research process and outcomes must be included in the study (Thornberg 2012; Creswell and Creswell 2017).”

“To derive these conceptualizations, despite using an inductive approach to this exploratory study, we did not begin the interviews with a “ blank slate ” (Thornberg, 2012, Urquhart and Fernandez, 2013).”

“The use of sensitising concepts helped to ensure flexibility in coding, allowing for emergent themes to be identified and minimising the likelihood that theories of the MSA framework would be forced onto the data [85].”

“These were labelled and grouped using an informed grounded-theory approach [30] to identify core aspects of tourist navigation.”

“Another element in the CGT theory-method package is theoretical playfulness (Charmaz, 2014; Thornberg & Dunne, 2019), using abductive reasoning to consider various ways to theoretically understand the data (Charmaz, 2020; Thornberg, 2012; Thornberg & Dunne, 2019).”

“Memo writing assisted with the development and reflection of early categories emerging in the data (18, 23).”

“We drew from the informed grounded theory approach by taking advantage of pre-existing research and theories to enhance our theoretical sensitivity while avoiding forcing pre-existing theories, concepts or assumptions as codes (Thornberg, 2012).”

“This approach is characterized by combining the principles of grounded theory and analysis informed by previous literature and theory [35].”

“Like other qualitative researchers, grounded theorists use induction to “select or invent a hypothesis that explains a particular segment or set of data better than any other candidate hypotheses” (Thornberg, 2012, p. 247).”

“Within grounded theory the question of the engagement with the literature is a matter of considerable controversy (McGhee et al ., 2007; Dunne, 2011; Thornberg, 2012).”

“This allowed for a back-and-forth approach to data construction and emergence of concepts through data analysis, with data interpreted in an ongoing basis and patterns and meanings allowed to emerge from (Thornberg, 2012).”

“What the analyst sees in data occurs from existing knowledge about the domain, which is why different people see and focus on different aspects of the data and therefore construct different analyses (Thornberg 2012).”

“Our research was guided by an ‘ informed grounded theory ’ approach as described by Thornberg (2012).”

“Bronfenbrenner’s (1977, 1979, 1986) ecological framework was utilised as an overall theoretical framework and served as a sounding board upon which to test working hypotheses and ideas raised during the research (Agar, 2006; Thornberg, 2012).”

“Because of the extensive research on subjective wellbeing and its measurements, Ryff’s framework [7,14] was used as a sensitising concept, a theoretical idea derived from the literature review [48,49] that can outline important enquiries [48].”

“To ensure ‘groundedness’ in participants’ views and experiences, we undertook frequent memo-writing and comparison between data, emerging codes and theoretical concepts, only applying theoretical codes that properly ‘earned’ their way into the analysis (Thornberg, 2012).”

“Simultaneously with this process, relevant literature on good teaching was also reviewed to position this study in the broader field, in the ‘informed grounded theory’ manner described by Thornberg (2012).”

“Even if the strength of this data-driven approach is acknowledged, there are criticisms that the role of extant theory is down-played in grounded theory development (e.g. Thornberg 2012).”

“Thornberg (2012) criticises rigid inductive inquiry with delaying literature review.”

“It was launched during the 1960s by two American Sociologists Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss who had different intellectual backgrounds and was developed through the combination of a set of principles based upon an inductive approach (Thornberg, 2012).”

“…we used our theoretical understandings of crisis management and stakeholder theory to guide our thought processes and data interpretations (c.f., Thornberg, 2012), future researchers may want to use our insights to adapt extant hospitality crisismanagementmodels and then engage in informed…”

“In line with informed grounded theory, theoretical agnosticism and theoretical pluralism were guiding principles (Thornberg, 2012).”

“Methodology We follow an Informed Grounded Theory methodology (Thornberg 2012) in the constructivist style (Charmaz 2014) to investigate the various existing applications for education that are enabled by the Internet and networked communication in general.”

“However, the researcher relied on Informed Grounded Theory proposed by Thornberg (2012), who criticised delaying review of literature and went for analysis after getting the related literature in order not to miss any important point or end up with unnecessary items at the end of analysis…”

“Constructivist GT permits the interrelationship and coconstruction of meaning between the researchers (reflecting their position), the participants and the literature (in this case the need to engage the policy agenda) in a pragmatic data sensitive way (Thornberg, 2012; Hayes and Oppenheim, 1997).”

“…and 14 articles considering social constructivist grounded theory (Charmaz, 2006, 2012, 2017, 2021; Charmaz & Belgrave, 2019; Buckley & Waring, 2013; Charmaz & Thornberg, 2020; Fassinger, 2005; Hutchison et al., 2011; Johansson, 2019; Thornberg, 2012; Tie et al., 2019; Urcia, 2021; Weed, 2017).”

“, inductive) approach as described by informed grounded theory and thematic analyses (Glaser and Strauss, 1967; Thornberg, 2012; Creswell and Poth, 2016; Mortelmans, 2020).”

““Informed grounded theory” [54, 55] was used in all steps of constant comparative analysis similar to Zhang’s [33] study by comparing obtained categories and themes with the existing theoretical framework constantly.”

“Last, I established my positionality on the phenomena of localized entrepreneurship and neolocalism at the onset of the study and thereafter engaged in constant reflexivity to minimize the influence of my own prior knowledge, assumptions, and perspectives on the analytical process (Thornberg, 2012).”

“We used an ‘informed grounded theory’ approach, as described by Thornberg (2012).”

“Following the principles of informed grounded theory (Thornberg, 2012), we developed deductive categories around the conversion factors that influence the use of and access to ET.”

“Consequently, the analysis presented in the paper can be considered constructivist [31].”

“This means that I sometimes elaborated on a specific category, and sometimes, as in the example above from my first paper, I elaborated on a specific theoretical concept from the literature (Thornberg, 2012; Wuest, 2000).”

“This approach requires researchers to constantly traverse between data and theories, making comparisons and interpretations in the search for patterns and the best possible explanations (Thornberg, 2012).”

“This constant reflexivity between findings and the literature involved using the literature as ‘lenses’ based on their capacity to provide explanations of the data, and to focus our attention on certain phenomena, aspects and nuances, very much in line with the logic of abduction (Thornberg, 2012).”

“In the grounded theory tradition, the term “emergent fit” is sometimes used when broad concepts from the literature fit with the data and earned their way into the analysis (Thornberg, 2012).”

“The current study uses Charmaz (2014) and Thornberg's (2012) versions of GT which emphasise researcher reflexivity.”

“We used principles of theoretical agnosticism and plural-ism as guiding principles in the analysis in line with informed grounded theory (Thornberg 2012).”

“The study in Chennai was started without a prior literature review and aims at eventual theorization according to grounded theory approaches [36,37] (see Table 1).”

“Thornberg (2012) has further modified this in his informed grounded theory.”

“The interview coding and analysis was done in an iterative fashion following methods taken from informed grounded theory [34].”

“The methodology was driven primarily by constructivist grounded theory (CGT) (Charmaz, 2006), a subset of Glaser and Strauss’s (1967) grounded theory (GT) model that synergises extant theoretical frameworks with new empirical data (Strauss & Corbin, 1990; Thornberg, 2012).”