The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Constructing Efficient Stated Choice Experimental Designs
Abstract
Stated choice (SC) experiments are often used in transportation studies for estimating and forecasting behaviour of travellers, road authorities, etc. This kind of experiment relies on underlying experimental designs. Whilst orthogonal designs are mainstream for practitioners, many researchers now realize that so‐called efficient designs are able to produce more efficient data in the sense that more reliable parameter estimates can be achieved with an equal or lower sample size. This paper describes several processes for generating SC experiments and is intended to give an overview of the current state‐of‐the‐art. Different methods are described.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The screening alternatives described by the attributes and levels in Table 1 were allocated into choice sets using a multinomial logit (mnl) d-efficient design, assuming no prior information about the likely magnitude or direction of coefficients (zero priors) [29,30].”
From Consumer preferences for teledermoscopy screening to detect melanoma early (2016) · cites this paper as [30]
In the citing paper
“Hence, a D-efficient design will outperform an orthogonal design, and (given reliable priors), a Dp-efficient design will outperform a Dz-efficient design [21].”
From Understanding Uptake of Digital Health Products: Methodology Tutorial for a Discrete Choice Experiment Using the Bayesian Efficient Design (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“It is noteworthy that when the parameter priors are different from zero, the efficient design generated produces smaller prediction errors than orthogonal designs [21,49,50].”
From Understanding Uptake of Digital Health Products: Methodology Tutorial for a Discrete Choice Experiment Using the Bayesian Efficient Design (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“The most widely used efficiency measure is the D-error, which may be easily estimated using various software packages, such as Ngene, and refers to the efficiency of the experimental design in extracting information from respondents [21].”
From Understanding Uptake of Digital Health Products: Methodology Tutorial for a Discrete Choice Experiment Using the Bayesian Efficient Design (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
Citations
Cites
Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behavior
McFadden, D. L. (1972) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 14,203
Cragg, J. G., & Zarembka, P. (1975) · Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique · doi:10.2307/134075 · Cited by 8,477
Discrete Choice Methods with Simulation
Train, K. E. (2001) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511805271 · Cited by 7,784
Louviere, J. J., Hensher, D. A., Swait́, J., & Adamowicz, W. (2000) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511753831 · Cited by 7,008
Statistics for experimenters. An introduction to design, data analysis, and model building.
Box, G. E. P., Hunter, W. G., & Hunter, J. S. (1978) · Cited by 4,021
Discrete Choice Methods with Simulation
Train, K. E. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511753930 · Cited by 3,973
Cochran, W. G., & Cox, G. M. (1957) · Cited by 1,729
Journal of transport economics and policy
(1969) · Transportation Research · doi:10.1016/0041-1647(69)90163-4 · Cited by 1,578
The Importance of Utility Balance in Efficient Choice Designs
Huber, J. C., & Zwerina, K. (1996) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224379603300305 · Cited by 1,023
(1955) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1955.tb38334.x · Cited by 891
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Bliemer, M. C. J. and Rose, J. M. Designing stated choice experiments: state‐of‐the‐art. Paper presented at the 11th international conference on Travel Behaviour Research. August2006, Kyoto, Japan.
- Bliemer M. C. J., Transportation Research Part B
- Cochran W. G., 1957, Experimental Designs
- Fowkes A. S., 2000, Stated Preference Modelling Techniques, 37
- Rose, J. M. and Bliemer, M. C. J. Designing efficient data for stated choice: accounting for socio‐demographic and contextual effects in designing stated choice experiments. Paper presented at the 11th international conference on Travel Behaviour Research. August2006, Kyoto, Japan.
- Rose J. M., 2008, Handbook of Transport Modelling, Ch 8, 151
- Watson S. M., 2000, Stated Preference Modelling Techniques, 91
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–795 of 795
Senanayake, S. J., Barnett, A. G., Brain, D., Allen, M. J., Powell, E. E., O’Beirne, J. P., Valery, P. C., Hickman, I. J., & Kularatna, S. (2025) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.157017.1
Unconscious Status and Car Consumption: Social Comparison Effects in a Discrete Choice ExperimentPreprint
Bronnmann, J., Requate, T., & Steinbrunner, P. R. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5238784
Amini, A. A. (2026) · Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering · doi:10.1061/jmcee7.mteng-23040
Analyzing Preferences for Shared Micromobility Services in Japanese Urban AreasPreprint
Uemura, H., Parady, G., & Takami, K. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5276414
Fifer, S. J., Keen, B., Herr, K. J., Chiang, C. N., & Webb, T. (2025) · Taiwanese Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/tpsy.tpsy_20_25
Relaxing in Nature: A Discrete Choice Experiment for Forest Restorative TrailsPreprint
Grilli, G., Notaro, S., Paletto, A., & Cristian, P. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5340245
Seo, J., Thomas, C., Tervonen, T., Krucien, N., Ford, J. H., Stauffer, V. L., Nicholson, R. A., Duffy, K. H., & Tockhorn‐Heidenreich, A. (2025) · Neurology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40120-025-00801-2
Liu, J., Wu, C., & Jian, S. (2025) · Travel Behaviour and Society · doi:10.1016/j.tbs.2025.101097 · Cited by 1
The Welfare Gains from Diversified Environmental Policies
Blachly, B., Sims, C. B., & Warziniack, T. (2023) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2025.108750
Shah, M. V., Solem, C. T., Liao, A., Bell, K. F., Wang, Y., Yang, H., Meng, Y., Ye, M., & Tapan, Ü. (2025) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-025-03347-9
Psychological Factors in Microtransit Adoption: Evidence from a Stated Preference StudyPreprint
Santos, M. P., Larrañaga, A. M., Facchini, G. B., Nodari, C. T., & Michel, F. D. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5417771
Riahi, M. T. M., Amini, A. A., & Hajiyan, E. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5458361
Kavta, K., Azadeh, S. S., & Correia, G. H. D. A. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5473361
Valuing driverless commuting – Downtown parking impacts
Huda, F. Y., Currie, G., Pimenta, A., & Kamruzzaman, M. (2025) · Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2025.103807
Saxena, S., Calastri, C., Currie, C. S. M., Bennell, J. A., & M’Hallah, R. (2026) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2026.105065
Fifer, S. J., Winkler, K., Cummins, M., & Cherian, H. (2025) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.71323
Le, H., Coulter, J., Culver, K., Cappelleri, J. C., Rifi, N., Lu, H., Quaife, M., Meginnis, K., Fernández, G., Vaghela, S., et al. (2025) · Lung Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2025.108850
Understanding mobility choices in Australia’s driverless future: A mixed logit modelling study
Faisal, A., Yiğitcanlar, T., Islam, S. M., Tilly, N., & Paz, A. (2026) · Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.trip.2026.102032
Kumari, N., & Choudhary, S. B. (2025) · Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution · doi:10.1007/s10722-025-02642-2
Salampessy, B. H., Ikkersheim, D., Portrait, F. R. M., & Koolman, X. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21069324
Salampessy, B. H., Ikkersheim, D., Portrait, F. R. M., & Koolman, X. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21069327
Danne, M., Meier-Sauthoff, S., & Mußhoff, O. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14623156
Fifer, S. J., Godsell, J., Opat, S., Hamad, N., Lasica, M., Forsyth, C., Morand, L., Smeaton, E., Winton, S., Puig, A., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26748323
Salampessy, B. H., Ikkersheim, D., Portrait, F. R. M., & Koolman, X. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21069321
Fifer, S. J., Godsell, J., Opat, S., Hamad, N., Lasica, M., Forsyth, C., Morand, L., Smeaton, E., Winton, S., Puig, A., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26265141
Fifer, S. J., Godsell, J., Opat, S., Hamad, N., Lasica, M., Forsyth, C., Morand, L., Smeaton, E., Winton, S., Puig, A., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26264943
MaaS and Tourist Mobility: Insights into Preference Segments from a Latent Class ModelPreprint
Espino, R., Nieto-González, I. L., González, R. M., & Román, C. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5960793
Investigating the Cognitive Factors for Pedestrian Choice Behavior on Walkable Urban EnvironmentsPreprint
Yeon, J., Park, S., Park, S. H., & Cho, S. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5991288
Individual gain, societal pain: When personal mobility solutions become public problems
Guzmán, L. A., Cantillo-Garcia, V. A., Criado, A., Bisi, L. E., Vecino-Ortiz, A. I., & Bachani, A. M. (2026) · Journal of Transport & Health · doi:10.1016/j.jth.2025.102252
Psychological factors in microtransit adoption: Evidence from a stated preference study
dos Santos, M. L., Larrañaga, A. M., Facchini, G. B., Nodari, C. T., & Michel, F. D. (2026) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102414
Unconscious status and car consumption: social comparison effects in a discrete choice experiment
Bronnmann, J., Requate, T., & Steinbrunner, P. R. (2026) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2026.104873
Will pickup-truck buyers go electric?
Forsythe, C. R., Gillingham, K. T., Michalek, J. J., & Whitefoot, K. S. (2026) · Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.trd.2025.105170 · Cited by 1
Nikoloski, M., Botzen, W. J. W., Banerjee, S., Blasch, J., & Talevi, M. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6174508
Bwambale, A., Mugarura, E., Namakula, H., & Bagampadde, U. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6228902
Choi, J., Kim, J. J., & Lee, J. (2026) · Health Policy and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.hlpt.2026.101180
Analyzing preferences for shared micromobility services in Japanese urban areas
Uemura, H., Parady, G., & Takami, K. (2026) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2026.104936
Park, S., Lee, J., & Moon, S. (2026) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2026.109225
Gong, Y. (2026) · Applied Health Economics and Health Policy · doi:10.1007/s40258-026-01033-7
Rong, R., Ma, X., & Yao, X. (2026) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2026.104955
Moon, S., Kim, J., Kim, K., & Kim, K. (2026) · Research in Transportation Economics · doi:10.1016/j.retrec.2026.101754
Modeling the Demand for Demand Responsive Transit Service in Shrinking Rural Areas
Kim, H., Do, M.-S., Kang, J., Lee, J., Joh, C.-H., & Kim, S. (2026) · Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board · doi:10.1177/03611981261426369
Akse, R., Veeneman, W. W., Ritter, S. M., & Marchau, V. (2026) · Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity · doi:10.1016/j.joitmc.2026.100754
Cao, T. X. M., & Van, H. T. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6618675
Impact of calorie labelling on consumers' wine preferences: a multi-country study
Caso, G., Sapio, S., Pomarici, E., & Vecchio, R. (2026) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2026.119371
Culver, K. W., Farmen, S., Seo, J., Whitty, J. A., Sethi, A., Cherepanov, D., Le, H. H., Trapali, M., Clarke, H., Das, A., et al. (2026) · Lung Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2026.109449
Michaels-Igbokwe, C., Collacott, H., Krucien, N., Sandelin, M., Pye, J., Salmonsen, R., Servidio, L., & Liang, Y. (2026) · Lung Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2026.109460
Sabin, L., Hajizadeh, M., Haghparast‐Bidgoli, H., & Kiadaliri, A. (2026) · Health Economics Review · doi:10.1186/s13561-026-00795-z
Williams, A., Strauss, M., Prunas, O., Gerber, F., Raeber, F., Sanchez-Samaniego, G., Saavedra, E. B., Crankshaw, T. L., George, G., Motlalentoa, M., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.05.27.26352981
Ferizzola, A., Páez, K., & Guerrero-Barbosa, T. E. (2026) · Latin American Transport Studies · doi:10.1016/j.latran.2026.100063
Zhang, D., Zhang, K., & Tian, Y. (2026) · Research in Transportation Business & Management · doi:10.1016/j.rtbm.2026.101742
Improving public transport for social mobility and economic progress in three Pakistani cities
Ahmed, A., Palma, D., & Williams, G. (2026) · Transportation · doi:10.1007/s11116-026-10778-y
Azolin, L. G., da Silva, A. N. R., Dong, L., Grigolon, A., & Geurs, K. (2026) · Travel Behaviour and Society · doi:10.1016/j.tbs.2026.101321
Raghunandan, R., Aslani, P., Chen, T. F., Norris, S., Torres-Robles, A., Sato, N., & Howard, K. (2026) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.1007/s40273-026-01632-1
Oh, Y., Lee, J., & Kim, J. (2026) · Transportation Letters · doi:10.1080/19427867.2026.2688215
Dong, X., & Wu, X. (2026) · Research in Transportation Economics · doi:10.1016/j.retrec.2026.101805
Who Killed the Mobility Hub? Parking Pricing, Access Conditions, and Mode Choice at Rome Trastevere
Cuccaro, F., Tapia, R. J., Gatta, V., & Marcucci, E. (2026) · Future Transportation · doi:10.3390/futuretransp6040133
Häyrinen, L., Tienhaara, A., & Pouta, E. (2026) · Cleaner and Responsible Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.clrc.2026.100461
Kavta, K., Azadeh, S. S., & Correia, G. H. D. A. (2026) · Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2026.104265
Farina, G., Robinson, P. J., Botzen, W. J. W., & van Beukering, P. J. H. (2026) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2026.109146
Núñez, V., Salazar, H. R., Galarraga, J., Naunay, D., & Moya, N. G. O. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18147197
Domarchi, C., Cherchi, E., & Vuong, Q. C. (2026) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2026.105155
Huang, X., Li, Y., Fu, D., Feng, L. I. U., Ma, C., & Lin, Z. H. O. U. (2026) · Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2026.104309
Albuquerque, J., Gomes, M. C., Olivé, J. M., & Andrade, A. R. (2026) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2026.105156
Coordinated Optimization of Inter-Hub eVTOL Feeder Services with Heterogeneous Passenger Behavior
Zhao, D., Mou, R., You, S., Huang, S., Liu, D., & Xu, Z. (2026) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems14091109
Wang, Y., Zhou, M., Wu, J., Zhan, Q., Liu, C. P., Wang, Z., Cheng, Y., Han, Q., & Lu, H. J. (2026) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-026-15211-9
Li, H.-Z., Kopsakangas-Savolainen, M., & 牟宗峰 (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7191664
Dadashzadeh, N., Palma, D., Bliemer, M. C. J., Sucu, S., Ouelhadj, D., & Ali, N. (2026) · Transportation · doi:10.1007/s11116-026-10804-z
Self-citationSmeele, N. V. R., Waltz, C. N. M., Schreijer, A. J. M., & Dykstra, P. A. (2026) · The European Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1007/s10198-026-01985-6
García, Á., Nieto-Villegas, R., & Rabadán, A. (2026) · Agriculture & Food Security · doi:10.1186/s40066-026-00622-y
Policy Consequentiality in Tourism Discrete Choice Experiments
Voltaire, L., Boto‐García, D., & Leplat, M. (2026) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875261476285
Tinessa, F., Simonelli, F., Papola, A., & Marzano, V. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7288366
Evaluating Flood Insurance as a Climate Adaptation Using A Discrete Choice ExperimentPreprint
Ullah, I., & Aruga, K. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10674054/v1
Evacuation behaviors of electric vehicle drivers: route and charging choice experiments
Purba, D. S. D., & Kontou, E. (2026) · Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1016/j.trc.2026.105915
Igarashi, H., Yamazaki, T., Hanada, K., Onomura, H., Hozawa, H., & Murata, T. (2026) · Neurology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40120-026-01015-w
Consumer choice preferences for sustainable fruit and vegetable production technologies
Schnack, A., Young, J. L., Frethey‐Bentham, C., & Lin, M.-T. (2026) · Sustainable Futures · doi:10.1016/j.sftr.2026.102100
Denantes, J., Ridier, A., Ropars-Collet, C., Jacquot, A., & Carof, M. (2026) · Journal of Rural Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2026.104391
Merkert, R., Hess, S., Khan, F., & Bliemer, M. C. J. (2026) · Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review · doi:10.1016/j.tre.2026.105221
Self-citationKurup, K., Ali, Y., Sharma, A., Jain, U., McLorg, A., & Loke, N. (2026) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2026.107921
On the Luxuriousness of Secondhand Personal Luxury Items
Perret, J. K., Galic, L. M., Schuck, K. A., Thiemann, D., Rommel, K., & Mehn, A. (2026) · Luxury · doi:10.1080/20511817.2026.2707672
Park, S., Shin, D., Bansal, P., & Cho, S. (2026) · Journal of Transport Geography · doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2026.104863
Youm, J., Lee, J., & Kim, J. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7572097
Sharing the benefits and costs of conservation: public preferences for transboundary lynx policy
Gerling, C., Bartczak, A. M., & Hanley, N. D. (2026) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.131088
Amini, A. A., & Hajiyan, E. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7578467
Private landowner preferences for CWD management and access in Alberta
Asante, M., Adamowicz, W., Luckert, M. K., 许勤, Merrill, E. H., Pattison‐Williams, J. K., Hubbs, A. H., Pybus, M. J., & Barton, O. (2026) · Human Dimensions of Wildlife · doi:10.1080/10871209.2026.2742258
Guo, M., Hong, D., Lee, E., & Jang, S. (2026) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2026.105301
Ghoslya, S., Katzir, N., Shiftan, Y., & Nahmias–Biran, B.-H. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7589247
Caporale, D., Lucia, C. D., Riccardo Scarpa, A., & Pazienza, P. (2026) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2026.115648
What Should We Do With Sewage Sludge? Public Preferences for Biosolids Management in Australia
Rollins, C. L., Döll, C., Zou, S., & Burton, M. P. (2026) · Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics · doi:10.1111/1467-8489.70163
Public preferences for health data sharing governance: a discrete choice experiment in China
Li, J., Jin, Y., 惠怀成, & HUANG, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1883099
MaaS and tourist mobility: Insights into preference segments from a latent class model
Espino, R., Nieto-González, I. L., González, R. M., & Román, C. (2026) · Research in Transportation Economics · doi:10.1016/j.retrec.2026.101870
Yang, L. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7666101
Inclusivity in Active Transport Modes for People in Vulnerable Situations
Ciommo, F. D., Tenenboim, E., Shiftan, Y., & Foldesi, E. (2026) · Lecture notes in mobility · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-37192-8_108
Poder, T. G., N'Guessan, M. H., Ameri, H., Morillon, G. F., Guillon, M., & Laberge, M. (2026) · Patient · doi:10.1007/s40271-026-00852-z
Metadata
- Authors
- Rose, J. M., & Bliemer, M. C. J.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Delft University of Technology (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Rose, John M.
- Venue
- Transport Reviews
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-09
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 587-617
- ISSN
- 0144-1647 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-5327
- OpenAlex
- W2093584567
- Cited by
- 797
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 87 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 32.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Transport Reviews (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic and Environmental Valuation
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Optimal Experimental Design Methods
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Transportation Planning and Optimization
- Keywords
- stated choice experiment, orthogonal experimental design, estimator efficiency, sample size reduction, travel behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
