The DOI matches its Crossref record; 176 of the 178 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The DIVA model: A neural theory of speech acquisition and production
Open accessAbstract
The DIVA model of speech production provides a computationally and neuroanatomically explicit account of the network of brain regions involved in speech acquisition and production. An overview of the model is provided along with descriptions of the computations performed in the different brain regions represented in the model. The latest version of the model, which contains a new right-lateralised feedback control map in ventral premotor cortex, will be described, and experimental results that motivated this new model component will be discussed. Application of the model to the study and treatment of communication disorders will also be briefly described.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These results suggest that inner speech production is associated with a time-locked and content-specific internal forward model, similar to the one that operates in the production of overt speech.”
From Neurophysiological evidence of efference copies to inner speech (2017) · cites this paper as Tourville and Guenther, 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The lack of convergence in L-IFG is of interest as it is invariably a part of the corollary discharge network according to computational and neuroanatomical models of speech production (Chen et al., 2011; Tourville & Guenther, 2011).”
From Bridging phenomenology and neural mechanisms of inner speech: ALE meta-analysis on egocentricity and spontaneity in a dual-mechanistic framework (2023) · cites this paper as Tourville & Guenther, 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal
Logothetis, N. K., Pauls, J., Augath, M., Trinath, T., & Oeltermann, A. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35084005 · Cited by 6,551
A theory of lexical access in speech production
Levelt, W. J. M., Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A. S. (1999) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x99001776 · Cited by 5,295 · cited 2×
“Similarly, comparisons of auditory responses during self-produced speech and while listening to recordings of one’s own speech indicate attenuation of auditory cortex responses during speech production (Curio, Neuloh, Numminen, Jousmaki, & Hari, 2000; Heinks-Maldonado, Mathalon, Gray, & Ford, 2005;…”
Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions
Rizzolatti, G., Fadiga, L., Gallese, V., & Fogassi, L. (1996) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0926-6410(95)00038-0 · Cited by 4,870 · cited 1×
“1 Performance of these motor programs relies on contributions from bilateral premotor, motor, and subcortical regions (see below), areas that are active bilaterally during normal speech production.”
Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation.
Kwong, K. K., Belliveau, J. W., Chesler, D. A., Goldberg, I. E., Weisskoff, R. M., Poncelet, B. P., Kennedy, D. N., Hoppel, B. E., Cohen, M. S., & Turner, R. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.12.5675 · Cited by 4,212 · cited 2×
“Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI; Belliveau et al., 1992; Kwong et al., 1992; Ogawa et al.,”
Editorial Office (1997) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1381/096089297765555359 · Cited by 3,941
Understanding motor events: a neurophysiological study
di Pellegrino, G., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., Gallese, V., & Rizzolatti, G. (1992) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00230027 · Cited by 3,539
A spreading-activation theory of retrieval in sentence production.
Dell, G. S. (1986) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.93.3.283 · Cited by 3,236 · cited 2×
“Similarly, comparisons of auditory responses during self-produced speech and while listening to recordings of one’s own speech indicate attenuation of auditory cortex responses during speech production (Curio, Neuloh, Numminen, Jousmaki, & Hari, 2000; Heinks-Maldonado, Mathalon, Gray, & Ford, 2005;…”
Rizzolatti, G., & Arbib, M. A. (1998) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(98)01260-0 · Cited by 2,858 · cited 2×
“1 Performance of these motor programs relies on contributions from bilateral premotor, motor, and subcortical regions (see below), areas that are active bilaterally during normal speech production.”
Internal models for motor control and trajectory planning.
Kawato, M. (1999) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(99)00028-8 · Cited by 2,685 · cited 5×
“This mapping from desired sensory outcome to the appropriate motor action is an inverse kinematic transformation and is often referred to as an inverse model (e.g., Kawato, 1999; Wolpert & Kawato, 1998).”
InfluentialCortical mechanisms of human imitation
Iacoboni, M., Woods, R. P., Brass, M., Bekkering, H., Mazziotta, J. C., & Rizzolatti, G. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.286.5449.2526 · Cited by 2,683 · cited 1×
“Evidence of mirror neurons in humans has implicated left precentral gyrus for grasping actions (Tai, Scherfler, Brooks, Sawamoto, & Castiello, 2004), and left opercular inferior frontal gyrus for finger movements (Iacoboni et al., 1999).”
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- 10.1016/0166-2236(95)93872-U · DOI
- Bays P. M., 2006, Public Library of Science Biology, 4, e28
- Bohland J. W., Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- 10.1037/0033-295X.93.3.283 · DOI · Paper page
- Ghosh S. S., 2003, Neuroimage, 19, S57
- Lehiste I., 1970, Suprasegmentals
- Maeda S., 1990, Speech production and speech modeling
- McNeil M. R., 2007, Apraxia of speech: Definition and differential diagnosis
- Robin , D. A. , Guenther , F. H. , Narayana , S. , Jacks , A. , Tourville , J. A. , Ramage , A. E. , et al. 2008 . A transcranial magnetic stimulation virtual lesion study of speech . Proceedings of the Conference on Motor Speech, Monterey, California .
- Shriberg L. D., 1982, Clinical phonetics
- Terband , H. , Maassen , B. , Brumberg , J. & Guenther , F. H. 2008 . A transcranial magnetic stimulation virtual lesion study of speech . Proceedings of the Conference on Motor Speech, Monterey, California .
- Wambaugh J. L., 2006, Journal of Medical Speech–Language Pathology, 14, Xxxv
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–747 of 747
Modelling non-native speech perception using automatic speech processing
Millet, J. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/86b4843az71c8z41d4za9dcz3db2229b1254
Signatures of monitoring in speech and their precursors : a multi-facet outlook
Dorokhova, L. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/3281b525z7a88z44a2z9ddczea8275ab221d
Battistella, G., & Simonyan, K. (2026) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.70531
“Speech is a unique human behavior that is hierarchically controlled by multiple neural networks associated with sound perception, semantic processing, memory encoding, preparation, and execution of vocal motor commands (Price 2012; Simonyan and Horwitz 2011; Tourville and Guenther 2011).”
Active inference and speech motor control
Bradshaw, A. R., Press, C., & Davis, M. H. (2026) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-026-02871-1 · Cited by 2
“A particular focus is placed on prediction of expected sensory signals during speech production, with prediction errors being used to inform and modify movements (Guen-ther 2016; Guenther et al., 2006; Houde & Nagarajan, 2011; Parrell & Houde, 2019; Tourville & Guenther, 2011).”
Li, J. J., McAllister, T., Shiller, D. M., Tian, X., & Grigos, M. I. (2026) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2026.1744572
“From a neurobiological perspective, based on DIVA, auditory and somatosensory goals are sensory target regions within distributed cortical networks that support speech perception and motor control (Guenther, 2016; Tourville and Guenther, 2011).”
Leong, T. I., Li, A., Ang, J. H., Reynolds, B. L., Yan, T., Leong, C. T., Choi, C. U., Sereno, M. I., Lei, V. L. C., Lei, V. L. C., et al. (2026) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag.a.1375
“This likely reflects the overlapping roles in the superior temporal cortex that subserve the perception of external speech, auditory-motor transformation ( Hickok et al., 2009, 2011; Pa & Hickok, 2008), and self-monitoring of one’s own vocal output ( Tourville & Guenther, 2011).”
Kapsner-Smith, M. R., Cádiz, M. D., Knutson, M., Eadie, T. L., & Stepp, C. E. (2026) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2026_jslhr-25-00382
“…in sensorimotor control and learning exist between speech and limb effector systems (e.g., Lametti et al., 2020), theoretical models of learning in these systems rely on similar principles and often lead to similar empirical results (e.g., Tourville & Guenther, 2011; Wolpert et al., 2011).”
Rhythmic motor activity alleviates auditory attentional blinksPreprint
Zhiyuan, X., Sun, J., Lu, Y., Zhang, W., Wang, Z., Ku, Y., & Tian, X. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.05.05.722900
“…2019), internal forward models (S. Li et al., 2020; Tian & Poeppel, 2010; Wolpert et al., 1995), and causal inference frameworks (Rao, 2024), and have been shown to stabilize sensory representations (Moore et al., 1998; Sommer & Wurtz, 2006) and support learning (Tourville & Guenther, 2011).”
Cummine, J., Patel, D. H., Holmes, M., Ostevik, A. V., & Aalto, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2026.1757752
Feng, C., Zhang, E., Jia, Y., Zhu, Z., Zhu, J., Wu, D., & Xu, K. (2026) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2026.1816455 · Cited by 1
“Increasingly, subcortical structures are recognized as integral components of this network (Hickok, 2022; Silveri, 2021; Kotz et al., 2009; Tourville and Guenther, 2011).”
Language-Specific Tonal Features Drive Speaker–Listener Neural Synchronization
Hong, C., Teng, X., Li, Y., Hsu, S.-M., Tsao, F., Wong, P. C. M., & Feng, G. (2026) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1929-25.2026
Staples, R., Anderson, E. J., Dyslin, S. M., Laks, A. B., Friedman, R. B., DeMarco, A. T., & Turkeltaub, P. E. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.05.13.724881
“21,73 Together, these results suggest that damage to dorsal stream regions involved in sublexical assembly for speech production leads to a greater reliance on the well-learned motor plans associated with real words, and thus to LE.”
Artificial Intelligence and Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Bidirectional Frontier
Dattner, I. (2026) · Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica · doi:10.1159/000552551
Articulatory effort modulates speech adaptation to auditory perturbations
Ronayette, E., Cignetti, F., Perrier, P., & Garnier, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2026.1756554
“…they may arise from adaptive changes in internal models: inverse models, which map desired sensory outcomes to appropriate motor commands, or forward (direct) models, which predict the sensory consequences of those commands (Wolpert et al., 1998; Tourville and Guenther, 2011; Patri et al., 2018).”
Hu, Y., & Ma, X. (2026) · Language and Speech · doi:10.1177/00238309261452272
Cognitive and metacognitive markers of memory retrieval performance in speech prosody
Wilschut, T., Sense, F., & van Rijn, H. (2026) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-026-01896-0
NEURAL-VOX: NEURal auditory language decoding for voice and text reconstruction
Jin, Z., Li, D., Zhou, Q., & Wang, Z. (2026) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2026.109221 · Cited by 1
Auditory–Motor Mechanisms of the Lombard Effect
Aaron, A. S., Cádiz, M. D., Cocroft, S. J., & Stepp, C. E. (2026) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2026_jslhr-25-00377
“Computational models of articulatory motor control (Houde & Nagarajan, 2011; Parrell et al., 2019; Tourville & Guenther, 2011) and vocal motor control (Weerathunge, Alzamendi, et al., 2022) can guide our interpretation of the sensorimotor mechanisms driving speech production.”
InfluentialKrishnamurthy, V., Rodriguez, A. D., Crosson, B., Weatherill, M., Tibus, E. O., Harrington, R. M., Rivera, J. V., Champion, G., & Krishnamurthy, L. C. (2026) · Neuroimage Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ynirp.2026.100370
“…involving domain-general regions, group-by-time analyses revealed a greater number of active > sham effects in regions associated with attentional allocation (mCC) (Xiao et al., 2005), internal processing (PCC) (Smirnov et al., 2014), and executive control (preSMA) (Tourville and Guenther, 2011).”
Tienkamp, T. B., Rebernik, T., Buurke, R. S. S. J., CEYLAN, C., Hoekzema, N., Mu, D., Polsterer, K. M., Sekeres, H., van Son, R. J. J. H., Wieling, M. B., et al. (2026) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/10.0044235
Somatosensory-guided speech production learning induces cross-modal plasticityPreprint
Yao, Y., Chi, M., Tian, X., & Wu, Y. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7070488
Dai, G., Zhao, Y., Zhao, S., Liu, Q., Peng, B., Dong, K., Liu, D., Zhu, X., Chen, X., Wu, X., et al. (2026) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2026_jslhr-25-00617
When rhythm guides speech production: Insights from Parkinson's disease and spinocerebellar ataxia
Fumel, J., Mairano, P., Ott, L., Roa, L. C., Devos, D., Moreau, C., & Basirat, A. (2026) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2026.06.027
Wang, H., & Max, L. (2026) · Neurobiology of Language · doi:10.1162/nol.a.291
“In computational models of speech sensorimotor control, the basal ganglia are usually considered more critical for feedforward control, including selecting and initiating appropriate preplanned motor commands (Tourville & Guenther, 2011).”
InfluentialNejati, V., Solórzano-Restrepo, J., Zhang, Y., Ray, K., Daliri, A., & Behroozmand, R. (2026) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.122143
Using the DIVA model to better understand speech motor disorders
Rowe, H. P., & Guenther, F. H. (2026) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.1080/02699206.2026.2680130
“The present paper focuses on the Directions Into Velocities of Articulators (DIVA) model (Guenther, 2006, 2016; Tourville & Guenther, 2011), which is schematised in Figure 1.”
Self-citationHansen, M., & Bürki, A. (2026) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2026.104783
EEG-SPELL: Spectral–PhonEtic–Lexical Alignment Network for EEG-Based Covert Speech Decoding
Guo, Z., Li, Y., Jiang, M., Zhang, W., Teo, K. A. C., Bhuvanakantham, R., Foo, C. H. V., Lu, J., Gulyás, B. Z., Wu, M., et al. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing · doi:10.1109/taslpro.2026.3717237
“…hotspot over left F7, FT7, FC5 sits in the scalp projection of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG: Broca’s complex) and ventral premotor cortex, the core speech–production hub that retrieves phonological codes and assembles articulatory programs even when speech is only imagined [53], [54], [55].”
InfluentialNing, L.-H., & Hui, T.-C. (2026) · Journal of Phonetics · doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2026.101528
İnme Sonrası Üst Motor Nöron Dizartrisi Alt Tiplerinde Diadokokinetik Hız Ölçümleri
Kocaoğlu, S., & Özkan, E. T. (2026) · Dil Konuşma ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.58563/dkyad.1906583.2026.2.3
Chen, S.-H. K., Nagano, M., Gonnerman, L. M., Liu, H. T., & Meier, E. L. (2026) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2026.1847242
Eibl, K. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-45502-5.00010-1
Jolly, A., Yli-Savola, A., Pulli, E. P., Saloranta, E., Railo, H., Merisaari, H., Saukko, E., Silver, E. A., Kumpulainen, V., Copeland, A., et al. (2026) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.70652
“…disfluency, particularly DIVA (Directions Into Velocities of Articulators) and its extension GODIVA (Gradient Order DIVA), propose that stable production depends on coordinated interactions among cortical and subcortical speech motor systems (Bohland et al. 2010; Tourville and Guenther 2011).”
Kinematic Features of Laryngeal Motor Control in Parkinson's Disease
Tan, D. C., Weerathunge, H. R., Cádiz, M. D., Stepp, C. E., & Vojtech, J. M. (2026) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2026_jslhr-26-00035
“Speech motor control models such as the Directions Into Velocities of Articulators model (Tourville & Guenther, 2011) posit that speech production relies on feedforward control for efficient movement execution and feedback con-trol for monitoring and correcting errors.”
Kidiolects: How children perceive child speech
Creel, S. C. (2026) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/bs.acdb.2026.08.003
Quinteros, N. F., Parra, J. A., Severino, L. A., Cortés, J. P., Alzamendi, G. A., Guenther, F. H., & Zañartu, M. (2026) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/10.0046803
Self-citationChang, Y., Guo, Q., Zhao, S., Li, T., Wu, X., Liu, D., 戴光艳, Zhu, X., Chen, X., Wang, L., et al. (2026) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.117790
“The DIVA model 14 and several neuroimaging studies 7,8,10,11 have emphasized the involvement of the right IFG in processing auditory or somatosensory feedback errors during speech production, whereas other studies have implicated the left IFG in this feedback-based control process.”
InfluentialContreras-Ruston, F., Navarra, J., Elvira‐García, W., Sierpowska, J., Pons, I. R., Paipa, A., & Peñaloza, C. (2026) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2026.10.007
Weak links between speech perception and speech production at the subphonemic level
Wong, B. W. L., Samuel, A. G., & Kapnoula, E. C. (2026) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2026.2744291
Amateur singers' advantage in Mandarin tone perception and imitation
Cheng, R., & Choi, W. (2026) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/10.0046467
Altered Timing of Self‐Voice Processing in Parkinson's Disease
Contreras-Ruston, F., Criscuolo, A., Callén, A., Cucurell, D., Navarra, J., & Kotz, S. A. (2026) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.70700
“Feedforward control is thought to be mediated by noncortical structures such as the basal ganglia and cerebellum (Hickok et al. 2011; Tourville and Guenther 2011; Parrell and Houde 2019).”
Behroozmand, R., Venezia, J. H., Sarmukadam, K., Rorden, C., Bonilha, L., Hickok, G. S., & Fridriksson, J. (2026) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2026.2112438
Hemispheric Asymmetry in Sensorimotor α–β Coupling Predicts the Behavioral Expression of StutteringPreprint
Saltuklaroglu, T., Brown, E. C., Rafferty, M. B., Bowers, A. L., Casenhiser, D. M., Reilly, K. J., & Harkrider, A. W. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7674483
Neuroscience-informed psychoeducation for stuttering and other speech disorders
SheikhBahaei, S., Bakhtiar, M., Marchoubeh, M. L., & Maguire, G. A. (2026) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2026.09.012
Metadata
- Authors
- Tourville, J. A., & Guenther, F. H.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Guenther, Frank H.
- Venue
- Language and Cognitive Processes
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-08
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 952-981
- ISSN
- 0169-0965 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0732
- PMC
- PMC3650855
- OpenAlex
- W2011934537
- Cited by
- 748
- References
- 178
- Citations by year
- 2026: 67 · 2025: 77 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 112 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Language and Cognitive Processes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R01DC002852)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Phonetics and Phonology Research
- Keywords
- DIVA model, speech production, speech development, ventral premotor cortex, right lateralization, feedback control, brain regions, computational model, communication disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review