Cited by 17,064Urban Planning and GovernancePublic Policy and Administration ResearchLocal Governance and Planning

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A Ladder Of Citizen Participation

Arnstein, Sherry R.·1969·Journal of the American Institute of Planners

DOI 10.1080/01944366908977225

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Abstract

The heated controversy over “citizen participation,” “citizen control”, and “maximum feasible involvement of the poor,” has been waged largely in terms of exacerbated rhetoric and misleading euphemisms. To encourage a more enlightened dialogue, a typology of citizen participation is offered using examples from three federal social programs: urban renewal, anti-poverty, and Model Cities. The typology, which is designed to be provocative, is arranged in a ladder pattern with each rung corresponding to the extent of citizens' power in determining the plan and/or program.

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Authors: Arnstein, S. R.
Corresponding author: Arnstein, Sherry R.
Venue: Journal of the American Institute of Planners
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 1969-07
Volume: 35
Issue: 4
Pages: 216-224
ISSN: 0002-8991 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1080/01944366908977225
OpenAlex: W2008251417
Cited by: 17,064
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 1187 · 2025: 1177 · 2024: 1134 · 2023: 1123 · 2022: 1080 · 2021: 1124 · 2020: 1117 · 2019: 1065 · 2018: 817 · 2017: 750 · 2016: 728 · 2015: 691 · 2014: 681 · 2013: 618 · 2012: 569
FWCI: 103.71
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of the American Institute of Planners (publishedVersion)
BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway)) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Planning and Governance
Social Sciences › Public Administration › Public Policy and Administration Research
Social Sciences › Geography, Planning and Development › Local Governance and Planning
Keywords: citizen participation, citizen control, typology of participation, urban regeneration, anti-poverty policy, Model Cities program, federal social programs, poor people, citizen power, participatory planning

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A Ladder Of Citizen Participation

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