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Agility literature review: Classifications, training and testing
Abstract
At present, no agreement on a precise definition of agility within the sports science community exists. The term is applied to a broad range of sport contexts, but with such great inconsistency, it further complicates our understanding of what trainable components may enhance agility. A new definition of agility is proposed: "a rapid whole-body movement with change of velocity or direction in response to a stimulus". Agility has relationships with trainable physical qualities such as strength, power and technique, as well as cognitive components such as visual-scanning techniques, visual-scanning speed and anticipation. Agility testing is generally confined to tests of physical components such as change of direction speed, or cognitive components such as anticipation and pattern recognition. New tests of agility that combine physical and cognitive measures are encouraged.
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“The present study extends literature that ties agility and reaction time to perceptual–cognitive factors and sport-specific stimuli [3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11,12,13,15,68] by showing that a brief, structured psychological intervention can enhance these motor outcomes alongside mental-health indicators.”
From Effects of the SmartACT Intervention on Motor and Psychological Variables in Adolescent Athletes: A Controlled Trial Using BlazePod and Microgate. (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
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“Furthermore, Lap Tracker Auto-timer can be used for some other tests that measure speed/agility as 5-0-5, Illinois (Sheppard & Young, 2006), Arrowhead, 5-10-5 and T-tests (Walker 2016), besides tests where the participants starts from a point to which they must return to finish it.”
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“Linear speed, movement technique, muscular strength and power, and deceleration and acceleration capabilities comprise COD speed (Ari et al., 2021; Fernandez-Fernandez et al., 2022; Lockie et al., 2016, 2019; Sheppard and Young, 2006).”
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Dardouri, W., Khanfir, M. S., Mrayeh, M., Alardan, S., & Zouch, M. (2023) · International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES · doi:10.21833/ijaas.2023.05.013 · Cited by 3
Effects of Visual Training on the Reaction Time among Badminton Athletes
Prak, M. S. A. L., Abdullah, B., Zulkifly, N. A., Farizan, N. H., & Samsudin, S. (2022) · ACPES Journal of Physical Education Sport and Health (AJPESH) · doi:10.15294/ajpesh.v2i2.64811 · Cited by 3
“An example of simple reaction time is the subject should respond to the sound stimulus on the manual reaction key [17].”
BackgroundMarqués-Jiménez, D., González, J. R., Sánchez-Díaz, S., & Castillo, D. (2023) · Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part P Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology · doi:10.1177/17543371231200056 · Cited by 3
“Because the 505 COD test involves pre-planned movements, 23 the order of the turn was established by researchers.”
Learning Agility of Leaders in the Context of Sustainable Organizations
Çiftçi, D. Ö. (2023) · Advances in human resources management and organizational development book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-1380-0.ch005 · Cited by 3
Yosuke, A. B. E., Nakayama, M., & Morita, N. (2023) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15048-1 · Cited by 3
Akaras, E., Güzel, N. A., Kafa, N., Yağız, G., Odluyurt, M., & Ataoğlu, M. B. (2023) · Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin · doi:10.1055/a-2197-1104 · Cited by 3
“Die Beweglichkeitsleistung wird durch Schnellkraft, Gleichgewicht, Muskelkoordination und Flexibilität beeinflusst [99].”
BackgroundOrduña-Borraz, E., Mainer-Pardos, E., Marco-Contreras, L. A., & Lozano, D. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16031182 · Cited by 4
Turner, A. J., Chander, H., Arachchige, S. N. K. K., Griffith, A., Chen, P.-L., Chen, C., Knight, A. C., Bates‐Brantley, K., Stratton‐Gadke, K., & Smith, J. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21020210 · Cited by 3
Assessment of speed & agility components for 10-14 years old
Binishi, N., & Skenderi, D. (2024) · Scientific Journal of Sport and Performance · doi:10.55860/jpnu7042 · Cited by 3
“Unfortunately there is no universally accepted definition of resilience according to (Sheppard & Young, 2006).”
BackgroundResultMacKenzie, E. G., Snow, N. J., Chaves, A. R. D. A., Reza, S. Z., & Ploughman, M. (2024) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2024.105741 · Cited by 4
Khortabi, A., Carral, J. M. C., Rezavandzayeri, F., & Vila, H. (2024) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v58.104084 · Cited by 4
“Agility is defined as the body's ability to respond to a stimulus with a rapid whole-body movement with a change of direction and velocity (Sheppard & Young, 2006).”
Backgroundvan den Tillaar, R., & Uthoff, A. M. (2024) · Sports Biomechanics · doi:10.1080/14763141.2024.2427692 · Cited by 3
“COD speed performance is thought to be reliant on a multitude of kinetic and kinematic qualities (Sheppard & Young, 2006).”
Leyva, A., Balachandran, A. T., Britton, J. C., Eltoukhy, M. A., Kuenze, C. M., Myers, N. D., & Signorile, J. F. (2017) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.01.002 · Cited by 3
TEDARİKÇİ ÇEVİKLİĞİNİN ÖLÇÜLMESİNE YÖNELİK BİR YAKLAŞIM ÖNERİSİ: OTOMOTİV SEKTÖRÜ UYGULAMASI
Gündoğan, T., & Güner, S. (2018) · İşletme Bilimi Dergisi · doi:10.22139/jobs.373479 · Cited by 3
Ivanović, J., Dopsaj, M., Jakovljević, S., & Karalejić, M. (2019) · Russian Open Medical Journal · doi:10.15275/rusomj.2019.0101 · Cited by 3
“The athletes then side shuffled back to the middle cone, and ran backward to the starting position [2, 6, 22].”
BackgroundCorrelation Between Agility and Athletes Topspin of Table Tennis in Kendari City
Suwo, R. (2019) · JUARA Jurnal Olahraga · doi:10.33222/juara.v5i1.770 · Cited by 3
“Kelincahan dipengaruhi oleh pengubahan percepatan gerak yang berhubungan dengan teknik, kecepatan, otot lengan dan anthropometry (Sheppard & Young, 2006).”
BackgroundInter-limb step asymmetry in closed and open skill sprint accelerations in soccer players
Wdowski, M. M., & Gittoes, M. J. R. (2020) · Human Movement · doi:10.5114/hm.2021.98458 · Cited by 3
“In soccer, and other field sports, the amendment of traditional closed skill sprint running protocols to include unanticipated changes in task constraint may be justified in order to better reflect an open skill environment [19, 20].”
BackgroundTOPAL, D., & Özkaya, Y. G. (2022) · Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.38021/asbid.1118178 · Cited by 3
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Chiang, C.-Y. (2014) · Digital Commons - East Tennessee State University (East Tennessee State University) · Cited by 3
Investigation of agility performance on 10-12 years soccer players
Saygın, Ö., Göral, K., Ceylan, H. İ., & Karacabey, S. (2015) · Journal of Human Sciences · doi:10.14687/ijhs.v12i2.3521 · Cited by 3
Autenticidade científica de um teste de agilidade para o voleibol sentado
Souto, E. C., Oliveira, L. D. S., Neto, A. M., & Greguol, M. (2016) · Motricidade · doi:10.6063/motricidade.4061 · Cited by 3
Lockie, R. G., & Schultz, A. B. (2015) · Journal of Athletic Enhancement · doi:10.4172/2324-9080.1000216 · Cited by 3
Identifying Determinants of Match Performance in Division I Women's Collegiate Soccer Players
Grazer, J. L. (2016) · Digital Commons - East Tennessee State University (East Tennessee State University) · Cited by 3
Timea, B. M., Carmen, C.-B., Nicolae, O. M., Nicola, M., Teodor, G. V., Maria, S. A., Cornelia, P., Hervás-Gómez, C., Florina, G. E., & Dan, M. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12101338 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Sheppard, J. M., & Young, W. B.
- Affiliations
- Federation University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Sheppard, J. M.
- Venue
- Journal of Sports Sciences
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-09
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 919-932
- ISSN
- 0264-0414 (ISSN-L)
- 1466-447X
- OpenAlex
- W2001840036
- Cited by
- 1,707
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 167 · 2025: 140 · 2024: 143 · 2023: 137 · 2022: 148 · 2021: 138 · 2020: 139 · 2019: 105 · 2018: 93 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 87 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 12.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Sports Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- FedUni ResearchOnline (Federation University Australia) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Physical Education and Training Studies
- Keywords
- agility, agility training, agility test, change of direction speed, visual exploration, anticipation, pattern recognition, physical properties, cognitive factors, strength and power
- MeSH terms
- Acceleration, Anthropometry, Cognition, Humans, Leg, Movement, Running, Sports, Muscle Strength
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