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Agility literature review: Classifications, training and testing
Abstract
At present, no agreement on a precise definition of agility within the sports science community exists. The term is applied to a broad range of sport contexts, but with such great inconsistency, it further complicates our understanding of what trainable components may enhance agility. A new definition of agility is proposed: "a rapid whole-body movement with change of velocity or direction in response to a stimulus". Agility has relationships with trainable physical qualities such as strength, power and technique, as well as cognitive components such as visual-scanning techniques, visual-scanning speed and anticipation. Agility testing is generally confined to tests of physical components such as change of direction speed, or cognitive components such as anticipation and pattern recognition. New tests of agility that combine physical and cognitive measures are encouraged.
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“The present study extends literature that ties agility and reaction time to perceptual–cognitive factors and sport-specific stimuli [3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11,12,13,15,68] by showing that a brief, structured psychological intervention can enhance these motor outcomes alongside mental-health indicators.”
From Effects of the SmartACT Intervention on Motor and Psychological Variables in Adolescent Athletes: A Controlled Trial Using BlazePod and Microgate. (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
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Return to sports after an ACL reconstruction in 2024 – A glass half full? A narrative review
Welling, W. (2024) · Physical Therapy in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2024.05.001 · Cited by 31
“OFR includes physical and psychological challenges that reflect the patients ’ movement behavior when performing their sport (Bizzini et al., 2012; Sheppard & Young, 2006).”
BackgroundGligor, D. M. (2014) · Cited by 27
Lockie, R. G., Callaghan, S. J., Jordan, C. A., Luczo, T. M., Jeffriess, M. D., Jalilvand, F., & Schultz, A. B. (2015) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.1515/hukin-2015-0058 · Cited by 27
Lockie, R. G., Post, B. K., & Dawes, J. J. (2019) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports7020045 · Cited by 28
“Agility has been defined as the initiation of a direction change in response to a stimulus [1].”
BackgroundThe Effect of 8-Week Core Training on Balance, Agility and Explosive Force Performance
Dinç, N., & Ergin, E. (2019) · Universal Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.13189/ujer.2019.070227 · Cited by 27
“Agility is defined as rapid movement of the body with a change in speed or direction in response to a stimulus [27].”
BackgroundBouguezzi, R., Chaabène, H., Negra, Y., Moran, J., Sammoud, S., Ramírez‐Campillo, R., Granacher, U., & Hachana, Y. (2019) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-019-00605-6 · Cited by 27
Cao, Y., Zhang, C., Guo, R., Zhang, D., & Wang, S. (2020) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.8784 · Cited by 27
Proprioceptive training in dance sport: effects of agility skills
Ljubojević, A., Popović, B., Bijelić, S., & Jovanović, S. (2020) · Turkish Journal of Kinesiology · doi:10.31459/turkjkin.742359 · Cited by 27
“Sheppard & Young (2006) defined agility as a rapid whole body movement with the change of speed or direction in response to a stimulus.”
BackgroundPanda, M., Rizvi, M. R., Sharma, A., Sethi, P., Ahmad, I., & Kumari, S. (2022) · Sports Medicine and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.smhs.2022.08.002 · Cited by 27
Castillo, M., Sanz, J. M. M., Penichet-Tomás, A., Sellés, S., Rodríguez, E. G., Sánchez, J. A. H., & Sospedra, I. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app122211492 · Cited by 27
Wright, M., Hurst, C., & Taylor, J. M. (2016) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2016.1139163 · Cited by 27
Bekris, E., Gissis, I., & Kounalakis, S. N. (2018) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438627.2018.1492395 · Cited by 31
“In the present study, the DAT test incorporated the reactive agility component as a perceptual part of the dribbling skill (Sheppard & Young, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Role of the Trunk Control in Athletic Performance of a Reactive Change-of-Direction Task
Edwards, S., Austin, A. P., & Bird, S. P. (2016) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001488 · Cited by 26
Straight-Line and Change-of-Direction Intermittent Running in Professional Soccer Players
Fessi, M. S., Farhat, F., Dellal, A., Malone, J. J., & Moalla, W. (2017) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0318 · Cited by 26
Herridge, R., Turner, A. N., & Bishop, C. J. (2017) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002077 · Cited by 26
Giles, B., Peeling, P., DAWSON, B. T., & Reid, M. M. (2018) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2018.1523034 · Cited by 27
“Second, unlike tennis strokes and other sporting skills (Ghorbani & Bund, 2017; Sheppard & Young, 2006), tennis movement has not been researched or even operationalised in a systematic way.”
BackgroundHammami, R., Duncan, M. J., Nebigh, A., Werfelli, H., & Rebai, H. (2020) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003598 · Cited by 26
“31) (10,35,38) between measures of eccentric muscle strength and CoD speed performance in athletic populations.”
BackgroundBarrera‐Domínguez, F. J., Almagro, B. J., Quiñones, I. T., Padilla, J. S., Sierra-Robles, Á., & Molina‐López, J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17186598 · Cited by 26
“Among them, technical, anthropometric, and physical factors stand out [4], with both linear velocity and muscular activity of the lower limbs through strength and power being of particular relevance [8].”
BackgroundInfluentialMijatović, D., Krivokapić, D., Veršić, Š., Dimitrić, G., & Zenić, N. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10030440 · Cited by 33
“, visual scanning, anticipation, pattern recognition and knowledge of situations) are highly important [19].”
BackgroundChandra, S., Sharma, A., Malhotra, N., Rizvi, M. R., & Kumari, S. (2023) · Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.15280/jlm.2023.13.1.52 · Cited by 49
“52 57 ment of muscular components (for example, strength and power) in order to increase lateral velocity change, and agility appears to be related to strength and power [16].”
BackgroundFicanha, E. M., Rastgaar, M., & Kaufman, K. R. (2015) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2014.02.0043 · Cited by 26
Evaluating the fall risk among elderly population by choice step reaction test
Wang, D., Zhang, J., Sun, Y. L., Zhu, W., Tian, S., & Liu, Y. (2016) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s106606 · Cited by 26
Carvalho, H. M., Gonçalves, C. E., Grosgeorge, B., & Paes, R. R. (2017) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438627.2017.1314296 · Cited by 26
Lower extremity dexterity is associated with agility in adolescent soccer athletes
Lyle, M. A., Valero‐Cuevas, F. J., Gregor, R. J., & Powers, C. M. (2013) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12162 · Cited by 26
Keoliya, A., Ramteke, S. U., Boob, M. A., & Somaiya, K. J. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.53273 · Cited by 25
“Agility training is focused on improving an individual's ability to change their movement direction quickly [8,9].”
BackgroundDiputra, R. (2015) · Jurnal SPORTIF Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran · doi:10.29407/js_unpgri.v1i1.574 · Cited by 25
Dörmann, U., Wirtz, N., Micke, F., Morat, M., Kleinöder, H., & Donath, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00728 · Cited by 25
Metadata
- Authors
- Sheppard, J. M., & Young, W. B.
- Affiliations
- Federation University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Sheppard, J. M.
- Venue
- Journal of Sports Sciences
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-09
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 919-932
- ISSN
- 0264-0414 (ISSN-L)
- 1466-447X
- OpenAlex
- W2001840036
- Cited by
- 1,707
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 167 · 2025: 140 · 2024: 143 · 2023: 137 · 2022: 148 · 2021: 138 · 2020: 139 · 2019: 105 · 2018: 93 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 87 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 12.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Sports Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- FedUni ResearchOnline (Federation University Australia) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Physical Education and Training Studies
- Keywords
- agility, agility training, agility test, change of direction speed, visual exploration, anticipation, pattern recognition, physical properties, cognitive factors, strength and power
- MeSH terms
- Acceleration, Anthropometry, Cognition, Humans, Leg, Movement, Running, Sports, Muscle Strength
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