The DOI matches its Crossref record; 62 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Agility literature review: Classifications, training and testing
Abstract
At present, no agreement on a precise definition of agility within the sports science community exists. The term is applied to a broad range of sport contexts, but with such great inconsistency, it further complicates our understanding of what trainable components may enhance agility. A new definition of agility is proposed: "a rapid whole-body movement with change of velocity or direction in response to a stimulus". Agility has relationships with trainable physical qualities such as strength, power and technique, as well as cognitive components such as visual-scanning techniques, visual-scanning speed and anticipation. Agility testing is generally confined to tests of physical components such as change of direction speed, or cognitive components such as anticipation and pattern recognition. New tests of agility that combine physical and cognitive measures are encouraged.
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“The present study extends literature that ties agility and reaction time to perceptual–cognitive factors and sport-specific stimuli [3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11,12,13,15,68] by showing that a brief, structured psychological intervention can enhance these motor outcomes alongside mental-health indicators.”
From Effects of the SmartACT Intervention on Motor and Psychological Variables in Adolescent Athletes: A Controlled Trial Using BlazePod and Microgate. (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
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“However, a good agility test should be designed in a way to measure the acceleration of the participant, as changes in the direction, which are the main parts of agility tests, are more correlated with acceleration than speed [17].”
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“…rather than planned CoD task was selected due to its greater ecological validity to the multidirectional field sports the athletes participated in. 34 In accordance with the methods described by King et al. 28 , a Smartspeed system (Fusion Sport, Chicago, Illinois, USA) was used to cue…”
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“The contemporary definition of agility for sport has been accepted as “a rapid whole-body movement with change of velocity or direction in response to a stimulus” (20).”
BackgroundFactor analysis of the functional limitations test in healthy individuals
Chong, R. K. Y. (2008) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2007.11.005 · Cited by 10
Understanding Change of Direction Performance via the 90° Turn and Sprint Test
Hewit, J. K., CRONIN, J. W., Button, C., & Hume, P. A. (2010) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0b013e3181f9d8d6 · Cited by 10
Study regarding the development of agility skills of students aged between 10 and 12 years old
Sopa, I. S., & Pomohaci, M. (2016) · Timisoara Physical Education and Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1515/tperj-2016-0009 · Cited by 10
Segers, N., Waldron, M., Howe, L., Patterson, S. D., Moran, J., Jones, B. L., Kidgell, D. J., & Tallent, J. (2022) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2021-0542 · Cited by 9
The Effects of Inter-Limb Asymmetry on Change of Direction Performance: A Systematic Review
Lin, J., Shen, J., Zhou, A., Bădicu, G., & Grosz, W. R. (2022) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym14102177 · Cited by 9
“…for agility as it incorporates the mechanics associated with agility performance (i.e., the deceleration, directional change, and acceleration) [21,22] while allowing for progression from lower joint loading received in the preplanned movements before training the higher joint loadings that must…”
Gonzalo‐Skok, Ó., & Bishop, C. J. (2023) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2023.2279817 · Cited by 9
“Given the high prevalence of COD actions during competitive team sports, its assessment should be considered a key factor (Sheppard & Young, 2006).”
BackgroundBasketball specific agility: A narrative review of execution plans and implementation effects
Li, W., Liu, Y., Deng, J., & Wang, T. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000037124 · Cited by 9
“[1] Mehmet [19] suggests that an 8-week speed training program, incorporating multiple sets of 10 to 60 m sprints at intensities ranging from 80% to 100%, can significantly enhance the agility of basketball players.”
BackgroundKoźlenia, D., Popowczak, M., Horička, P., Šimonek, J., & Domaradzki, J. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-64190-6 · Cited by 14
Asimakidis, N. D., Bishop, C., Beato, M., & Turner, A. N. (2025) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000894 · Cited by 9
Understanding Foot Loading and Balance Behavior of Children with Motor Sensory Processing Disorder
Yu, L., Yu, P., Liu, W., Gao, Z., Sun, D., Mei, Q., Fernandez, J., & Gu, Y. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9030379 · Cited by 9
“The more dynamic running and turning locomotion are, the more challenging the integrative aspects of mechanics, cognition and physiology [12,13].”
BackgroundThe agility demands of Australian football: a notational analysis
Rayner, R., YOUNG, W. B., & Talpey, S. (2022) · International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport · doi:10.1080/24748668.2022.2106112 · Cited by 9
“This definition has been adapted from a previously published definition of agility (Sheppard & Young, 2006).”
MethodKhemtong, C., Tessitore, A., Jaime, S. J., Gobbi, G., Jensen, J., Yang, A., Kuo, C., & Condello, G. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14204331 · Cited by 10
“Change of direction (COD) is a frequent motion that occurs during basketball, football, and many other team sport actions to decelerate the body within a transient period of time and to quickly reaccelerate towards a new direction while running or sprinting [1,2].”
BackgroundMethodYuan, H., Mao, J., Lai, C., Lu, H., Xue, Y., & Liu, Q. (2022) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5114/biolsport.2023.121325 · Cited by 9
“…in these agility tests may be at - tributed to differences in the number of directional changes, cutting angle, acceleration distance, entry velocity, etc. COD ability reflects the underlying ability of an individual to rapidly decelerate, change movement patterns, and re-accelerate processes [22].”
BackgroundNegra, Y., Sammoud, S., Uthoff, A. M., Ramírez‐Campillo, R., Moran, J., & Chaabène, H. (2022) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2023.2184770 · Cited by 9
“…magnitudes of muscle activation in the lower limbs (Flynn & Soutas-Little, 1993; Wright & Weyand, 2001) are considered important elements during CoD (Sheppard & Young, 2006), a direct comparison between repeated backward versus RFST on CoD ability needs to be conducted to support this position.”
BackgroundBrahim, M. B., Sal-de-Rellán, A., García-Valverde, A., Yasin, H., & González, J. R. (2023) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.15803 · Cited by 9
Relationship Between Cognitive Functions and Agility Performance in Elite Young Male Soccer Players
Matlák, J., Fridvalszki, M., Kóródi, V., Szamosszegi, G., Pólyán, E., Kovács, B., Kolozs, B., Langmár, G., & Rácz, L. (2023) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004644 · Cited by 9
“Based on the proposed models of agility (29,35,37), cognitive factors related to agility include visual scanning, knowledge of situations, pattern recognition, and anticipation.”
BackgroundCheng, K.-C., Chiu, Y.-L., Tsai, C., Hsu, Y., & Tsai, Y. (2024) · Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach · doi:10.1177/19417381241245908 · Cited by 16
“38,41 In this study, the finishing duration during the lateral shuffling movement in drill C of the agility-T test increased significantly after the induction of fatigue, which aligns with previous findings.”
Schuiling, G. (2014) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s0897-301620140000022006 · Cited by 9
Justin, I., Vuleta, D., Pori, P., Kajtna, T., & Pori, M. (2013) · Hrčak Portal of scientific journals of Croatia (University Computing Centre) · Cited by 9
Comparison Of Running Times During Reactive Offensive And Defensive Agility Protocols
Spiteri, T., Nimphius, S., & Wilkie, J. C. (2012) · Australasian Journal of Paramedicine · Cited by 9
Comparison between Natural Turf and Artificial Turf on Agility Performance of Rugby Union Players
Choi, S. M., Sum, R. K. W., & Leung, F. L. E. (2015) · Advances in Physical Education · doi:10.4236/ape.2015.54032 · Cited by 9
Inertial Sensor and Cluster Analysis for Discriminating Agility Run Technique
McGinnis, R. S., Cain, S. M., Davidson, S. P., Vitali, R. V., McLean, S. G., & Perkins, N. C. (2015) · IFAC-PapersOnLine · doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.10.177 · Cited by 9
Agility Index as a Measurement Tool Based on Stimuli Number and Traveling Distances
Zemková, E. (2016) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001647 · Cited by 9
Establishing a Kinetic Assessment of Reactive Strength
Louder, T. J. (2021) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · doi:10.26076/986b-eb53 · Cited by 9
Evaluation of strength, agility and aerobic capacity in Brazilian football players
Raymundo, A. C. G., Pernambuco, C. S., Brum, R. D. D. O., de Castro, J. B. P., de Oliveira, F. B., da Gama, D. R. N., Nunes, R. D. A. M., & Vale, R. G. D. S. (2018) · Biomedical Human Kinetics · doi:10.1515/bhk-2018-0005 · Cited by 9
Maaouia, G. B., Nassib, S., Negra, Y., Chammari, K., & Souissi, N. (2018) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2018.1537553 · Cited by 9
“Good agility requires a combination of speed, balance power and coordination (Sheppard and Young 2006a).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Sheppard, J. M., & Young, W. B.
- Affiliations
- Federation University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Sheppard, J. M.
- Venue
- Journal of Sports Sciences
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-09
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 919-932
- ISSN
- 0264-0414 (ISSN-L)
- 1466-447X
- OpenAlex
- W2001840036
- Cited by
- 1,707
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 167 · 2025: 140 · 2024: 143 · 2023: 137 · 2022: 148 · 2021: 138 · 2020: 139 · 2019: 105 · 2018: 93 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 87 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 12.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Sports Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- FedUni ResearchOnline (Federation University Australia) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Physical Education and Training Studies
- Keywords
- agility, agility training, agility test, change of direction speed, visual exploration, anticipation, pattern recognition, physical properties, cognitive factors, strength and power
- MeSH terms
- Acceleration, Anthropometry, Cognition, Humans, Leg, Movement, Running, Sports, Muscle Strength
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