Cited by 1,707Sports Performance and TrainingSport Psychology and PerformancePhysical Education and Training Studies

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Agility literature review: Classifications, training and testing

Sheppard, J. M., Young, W. B.·2006·Journal of Sports Sciences

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Abstract

At present, no agreement on a precise definition of agility within the sports science community exists. The term is applied to a broad range of sport contexts, but with such great inconsistency, it further complicates our understanding of what trainable components may enhance agility. A new definition of agility is proposed: "a rapid whole-body movement with change of velocity or direction in response to a stimulus". Agility has relationships with trainable physical qualities such as strength, power and technique, as well as cognitive components such as visual-scanning techniques, visual-scanning speed and anticipation. Agility testing is generally confined to tests of physical components such as change of direction speed, or cognitive components such as anticipation and pattern recognition. New tests of agility that combine physical and cognitive measures are encouraged.

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Richman, E. D., Tyo, B. M., & Nicks, C. R. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002676 · Cited by 70
“Short sprints of up to 40 yds are often used to examine acceleration, top speed, and anaerobic power in athletes of many levels (11,32).”
Background
Effectiveness and time-course adaptation of resistance training vs. plyometric training in prepubertal soccer players
Negra, Y., Chaabène, H., STÖGGL, T. L., Hammami, M., Chelly, M. S., & Hachana, Y. (2016) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2016.07.008 · Cited by 80
Effects of Neuromuscular Training on Agility Performance in Elite Soccer Players
Zouhal, H., Abderrahman, A. B., Dupont, G., Truptin, P., Bris, R. L., Postec, E. L., Zouita, S., Brughelli, M., Granacher, U., & Bideau, B. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00947 · Cited by 69
Short-Term Plyometric Jump Training Improves Repeated-Sprint Ability in Prepuberal Male Soccer Players
Negra, Y., Chaabène, H., Fernández-Fernández, J., Sammoud, S., Bouguezzi, R., Prieske, O., & Granacher, U. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002703 · Cited by 69
“Sheppard, JM and Young, WB. Agility literature review: Classification, training and testing.”
Background
Relationships between physical qualities and key performance indicators during match-play in senior international rugby union players
Cunningham, D. J., Shearer, D. A., Drawer, S., Pollard, B., Cook, C. J., Bennett, M., Russell, M. A., & Kilduff, L. P. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202811 · Cited by 68
Effects of Resistance Training on Change-of-Direction Speed in Youth and Young Physically Active and Athletic Adults: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
Chaabène, H., Prieske, O., Moran, J., Negra, Y., Attia, A., & Granacher, U. (2020) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01293-w · Cited by 80
Comparison of a New Test For Agility and Skill in Soccer With Other Agility Tests
Kutlu, M., Yapıcı, H., Yoncalık, O., & Çelik, S. (2012) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.2478/v10078-012-0053-1 · Cited by 68
Repeated-Sprint and Change-of-Direction Abilities in Physically Active Individuals and Soccer Players
Wong, D. P., Chan, G. S., & Smith, A. W. (2011) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31823daeab · Cited by 68
Validity of a Reactive Agility Test for Australian Football
Henry, G. J., DAWSON, B. T., Lay, B. S., & YOUNG, W. B. (2011) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.6.4.534 · Cited by 68
Field-based physical performance of elite and sub-elite middle-adolescent soccer players
Trecroci, A., Longo, S., Perri, E., Iaia, F. M., & Alberti, G. (2018) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438627.2018.1504217 · Cited by 67
“The term “agility” has been defined as a rapid whole-body movement with change of velocity or direction in response to a stimulus (Sheppard & Young, 2006).”
Background
Relationships between Change of Direction, Sprint, Jump, and Squat Power Performance
Suarez-Arrones, L. J., Gonzalo‐Skok, Ó., García, I. C., Asián-Clemente, J. A., Santalla, A., Lara-Lopez, P., & Nuñez, F. J. (2020) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports8030038 · Cited by 67
“Several CODs are executed during a team sports match, and players who can change direction fastest may have an advantage over their opponents during competition [3].”
Background
Development and trainability of agility in youth: A systematic scoping review
Thieschäfer, L., & Büsch, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2022.952779 · Cited by 92
Dribbling determinants in sub-elite youth soccer players
Zago, M., Piovan, A. G., Annoni, I., Ciprandi, D., Iaia, F. M., & Sforza, C. (2015) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2015.1057210 · Cited by 67
Effects of Combined Plyometric and Short Sprint With Change-of-Direction Training on Athletic Performance of Male U15 Handball Players
Hammami, M., Gaamouri, N., Aloui, G., Shephard, R. J., & Chelly, M. S. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002870 · Cited by 67
“Change-of-direction (COD) ability refers to a preplanned movement where no immediate reaction to a stimulus is required (47).”
BackgroundMethod
Importance of Agility Performance in Professional Futsal Players; Reliability and Applicability of Newly Developed Testing Protocols
Sekulić, D., Foretić, N., Gilić, B., Esco, M. R., Hammami, R., Uljević, O., Veršić, Š., & Spasić, M. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16183246 · Cited by 66
“Agility has been defined as “a rapid whole-body movement with change of speed or direction in response to a stimulus” [7].”
Background
Nationwide Subjective and Objective Assessments of Potential Talent Predictors in Elite Youth Soccer: An Investigation of Prognostic Validity in a Prospective Study
Höner, O., Murr, D., Larkin, P., Schreiner, R., & Leyhr, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.638227 · Cited by 66
Evaluation of a Specific Reaction and Action Speed Test for the Soccer Goalkeeper
Knoop, M., Fernández-Fernández, J., & Ferrauti, A. (2012) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31827942fa · Cited by 66
A fast airplane boarding strategy using online seat assignment based on passenger classification
Notomista, G., Selvaggio, M., Sbrizzi, F., Maio, G. D., Grazioso, S., & Botsch, M. (2016) · Journal of Air Transport Management · doi:10.1016/j.jairtraman.2016.02.012 · Cited by 65
Validity and Reliability of 10-Hz Global Positioning System to Assess In-line Movement and Change of Direction
Nikolaidis, P. Τ., Clemente, F. M., van der Linden, C. M. I., Rosemann, T. J., & Knechtle, B. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00228 · Cited by 66
Performance Prediction and Evaluation in Female Handball Players Using Machine Learning Models
Oytun, M., Tınazcı, C., Şekeroğlu, B., Açıkada, C., & Yavuz, H. U. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3004182 · Cited by 65
Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Physical Performance in Female Team Sports: A Systematic Review
Stanković, M. N., Djordjević, D. D., Trajković, N., & Milanović, Z. (2023) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-023-00623-2 · Cited by 84
“The ability to change direction during high-intensity running has been recognized as an important factor for successful participation in team sports [10, 43, 44].”
Background
A Comparison of Cutting Technique Performance in Rugby Union Players
Green, B. S., Blake, C. M., & Caulfield, B. (2011) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e318207ed2a · Cited by 64
Effects of balance-focused interactive games compared to therapeutic balance classes for older women
Singh, D. K. A., Rajaratnam, B. S., Palaniswamy, V., Raman, V. P., Bong, P. S., & Pearson, H. (2012) · Climacteric · doi:10.3109/13697137.2012.664832 · Cited by 64
Muscle Strength and Speed Performance in Youth Soccer Players
Peñailillo, L., Espíldora, F., Jannas-Vela, S., Mujika, I., & Zbinden-Foncea, H. (2016) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.1515/hukin-2015-0157 · Cited by 63
The validity and reliability of a novel app for the measurement of change of direction performance
Balsalobre‐Fernández, C., Bishop, C. J., Beltrán-Garrido, J. V., Cecília-Gallego, P., Cuenca-Amigó, A., Romero‐Rodríguez, D., & Madruga‐Parera, M. (2019) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2019.1640029 · Cited by 63
“…in the literature such as electronic timing gates, infrared photo-beam cells, radar guns and stop watches (Haugen & Buchheit, 2016; Morin, 2013; Samozino et al., 2015), with electronic timing gates often considered as the gold standard instrument to measure time events (Sheppard & Young, 2006).”
Background
Differences in Change of Direction Speed and Deficit Between Male and Female National Rugby Sevens Players
Freitas, T. T., Alcaráz, P. E., Calleja-González, J., de Arruda, A. F. S., Guerriero, A., Kobal, R., Reis, V. P., Pereira, L. A., & Loturco, I. (2019) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003195 · Cited by 62
“speed, anthropometric factors, and leg muscle qualities (namely maximal strength, reactive strength, and power) (6,35).”
Background
The genetic profile of elite youth soccer players and its association with power and speed depends on maturity status
Murtagh, C. F., Brownlee, T. E., Rienzi, E., Roquero, S., Moreno, S., Huertas, G., Lugioratto, G., Baumert, P., Turner, D. C., Lee, D., et al. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234458 · Cited by 65
“As agility performance has been associated with co-ordination and unilateral reactive strength capabilities [64], the main physiological factors underpinning agility capacity appear to be a combination of neural (inter-muscular co-ordination, neural firing frequency and motor unit synchronization) and muscle-tendon un…”
Background
Importance of anthropometric features to predict physical performance in elite youth soccer: a machine learning approach
Bongiovanni, T., Trecroci, A., Cavaggioni, L., Rossi, A., Perri, E., Pasta, G., Iaia, F. M., & Alberti, G. (2020) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438627.2020.1809410 · Cited by 62
“Regardless specific kinematic elements (e.g. height of the athlete’s centre of gravity), body fat level is one of the main anthropometric factors influencing COD performance (Sheppard & Young, 2006).”
BackgroundMethod
Analysis of Fitness Status Variations of Under-16 Soccer Players Over a Season and Their Relationships With Maturational Status and Training Load
Nobarı, H., Silva, A. F., Clemente, F. M., Siahkouhian, M., García-Gordillo, M. Á., Adsuar, J. C., & Pérez‐Gómez, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.597697 · Cited by 61
The Effect of Acute Stretching on Agility Performance
Gelder, L. H. V., & Bartz-Smith, S. (2011) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e318212e42b · Cited by 61
Effects of Training with an Agility Ladder on Sprint, Agility, and Dribbling Performance in Youth Soccer Players
Padrón-Cabo, A., Rey, E., Kalén, A., & Costa, P. B. (2020) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.2478/hukin-2019-0146 · Cited by 75
“According to Sheppard and Young (2006), within the leg muscle quality category, reactive strength would appear to have a decisive impact on performance during agility tasks.”
Background
Relationships Between Training Workload Parameters with Variations in Anaerobic Power and Change of Direction Status in Elite Youth Soccer Players
Nobarı, H., Polito, L. F. T., Clemente, F. M., Pérez‐Gómez, J., Ahmadi, M., García-Gordillo, M. Á., Silva, A. F., & Adsuar, J. C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17217934 · Cited by 60
“The modified 505 test was used to assess COD [26].”
Method
Performance Enhancement with Low Stress and Anxiety Modulated by Cognitive Flexibility
Han, D. H., Park, H. W., Kee, B. S., Na, C., Na, D.-H. E., & Zaichkowsky, L. D. (2011) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2011.8.3.221 · Cited by 60
The Effects of Frontal- and Sagittal-Plane Plyometrics on Change-of-Direction Speed and Power in Adolescent Female Basketball Players
McCormick, B. T., Hannon, J. C., Newton, M., Shultz, B. B., Detling, N. J., & YOUNG, W. B. (2015) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2015-0058 · Cited by 60
Are Change-of-Direction Speed and Reactive Agility Independent Skills Even When Using the Same Movement Pattern?
Čoh, M., Vodičar, J., Žvan, M., Šimenko, J., Stodółka, J., Rauter, S., & Maćkała, K. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002553 · Cited by 59

Authors: Sheppard, J. M., & Young, W. B.
Affiliations: Federation University (AU)
Corresponding author: Sheppard, J. M.
ORCID: Sheppard, J. M.
Young, W. B.
Venue: Journal of Sports Sciences
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2006-09
Volume: 24
Issue: 9
Pages: 919-932
ISSN: 0264-0414 (ISSN-L)
1466-447X
DOI: 10.1080/02640410500457109
OpenAlex: W2001840036
Cited by: 1,707
References: 60
Citations by year: 2026: 167 · 2025: 140 · 2024: 143 · 2023: 137 · 2022: 148 · 2021: 138 · 2020: 139 · 2019: 105 · 2018: 93 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 87 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 38
FWCI: 12.90
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Sports Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
FedUni ResearchOnline (Federation University Australia) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Physical Education and Training Studies
Keywords: agility, agility training, agility test, change of direction speed, visual exploration, anticipation, pattern recognition, physical properties, cognitive factors, strength and power
MeSH terms: Acceleration, Anthropometry, Cognition, Humans, Leg, Movement, Running, Sports, Muscle Strength

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Agility literature review: Classifications, training and testing

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