The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Normative data for regional sweat sodium concentration and whole-body sweating rate in athletes
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to establish normative data for regional sweat sodium concentration ([Na+]) and whole-body sweating rate in athletes. Data from 506 athletes (367 adults, 139 youth; 404 male, 102 female) were compiled from observational athlete testing for a retrospective analysis. The participants were skill/team-sport (including American football, baseball, basketball, soccer and tennis) and endurance (including cycling, running and triathlon) athletes exercising in cool to hot environmental conditions (15-50 °C) during training or competition in the laboratory or field. A standardised regional absorbent patch technique was used to determine sweat [Na+] on the dorsal mid-forearm. Whole-body sweat [Na+] was predicted using a published regression equation (y = 0.57x+11.05). Whole-body sweating rate was calculated from pre- to post-exercise change in body mass, corrected for fluid/food intake (ad libitum) and urine output. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (range). Forearm sweat [Na+] and predicted whole-body sweat [Na+] were 43.6 ± 18.2 (12.6-104.8) mmol · L(-1) and 35.9 ± 10.4 (18.2-70.8) mmol · L(-1), respectively. Absolute and relative whole-body sweating rates were 1.21 ± 0.68 (0.26-5.73) L · h(-1) and 15.3 ± 6.8 (3.3-69.7) ml · kg(-1) · h(-1), respectively. This retrospective analysis provides normative data for athletes' forearm and predicted whole-body sweat [Na+] as well as absolute and relative whole-body sweating rate across a range of sports and environmental conditions.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Replacing Na+ and Cl− levels after high-intensity situations is instrumental in maintaining electrolyte balance due to their role in stimulating hydration.29–31”
From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [30]
Citations
Cites
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
ACSM Position Stand: Exercise and Fluid Replacement
Convertino, V. A., Armstrong, L. E., Coyle, E. F., Mack, G. W., Sawka, M. N., Senay, L. C., & Sherman, W. M. (1996) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199610000-00045 · Cited by 1,977
Exercise and Fluid Replacement
(2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31802ca597 · Cited by 1,497
The American Journal of Physiology
(1897) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6.146.590.a · Cited by 1,145
Variations in Regional Sweat Composition in Normal Human Males
Patterson, M. J., Galloway, S. D. R., & Nimmo, M. A. (2000) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-445x.2000.02058.x · Cited by 438
Fluid and fuel intake during exercise
Coyle, E. F. (2004) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/0264041031000140545 · Cited by 423
Role of osmolality and plasma volume during rehydration in humans
Nose, H., Mack, G. W., Shi, X. R., & Nadel, E. R. (1988) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1988.65.1.325 · Cited by 304
Shirreffs, S. M., & Maughan, R. J. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.82.1.336 · Cited by 251
Heat cramps: fluid and electrolyte challenges during tennis in the heat
Bergeron, M. F. (2003) · Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport · doi:10.1016/s1440-2440(03)80005-1 · Cited by 213
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Shirreffs S. M., 2011, Journal of Sports Sciences, 29, 10.1080/0264041031000140572 · DOI
- Wescor, 2005, Sweat•Chek™ sweat conductivity analyzer model 3120 instruction/service manual
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Physiology of sweat gland function: The roles of sweating and sweat composition in human health
Baker, L. B. (2019) · Temperature · doi:10.1080/23328940.2019.1632145 · Cited by 732
Self-citationSkin-Interfaced Wearable Sweat Sensors for Precision Medicine
Min, J., Tu, J., Xu, C., Lukas, H., Shin, S., Yang, Y., Solomon, S. A., Mukasa, D., & Gao, W. F. (2023) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00823 · Cited by 752
Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete
Seshadri, D. R., Li, R. T., Voos, J. E., Rowbottom, J. R., Alfes, C. M., Zorman, C. A., & Drummond, C. K. (2019) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-019-0150-9 · Cited by 537
Skin-interfaced systems for sweat collection and analytics
Choi, J., Ghaffari, R., Baker, L. B., & Rogers, J. A. (2018) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aar3921 · Cited by 433
Self-citationBaker, L. B. (2017) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0691-5 · Cited by 403
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Baker, L. B., Barnes, K. A., Anderson, M. L., Passe, D. H., & Stofan, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Baker, Lindsay B.
- Venue
- Journal of Sports Sciences
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-06-12
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 358-368
- ISSN
- 0264-0414 (ISSN-L)
- 1466-447X
- OpenAlex
- W1560192318
- Cited by
- 133
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 5.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Sports Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- sweat sodium concentration, athletes, reference values, endurance athletes, team sports, ambient temperature, fluid balance
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Forearm, Humans, Male, Reference Values, Retrospective Studies, Sodium, Sports, Sweat, Sweating, Exercise, Body Mass Index, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
