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Cited by 423Thermoregulation and physiological responsesSports Performance and TrainingMuscle metabolism and nutrition

Fluid and fuel intake during exercise

Coyle, Edward F·2004·Journal of Sports Sciences
DOI 10.1080/0264041031000140545
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Abstract

The amounts of water, carbohydrate and salt that athletes are advised to ingest during exercise are based upon their effectiveness in attenuating both fatigue as well as illness due to hyperthermia, dehydration or hyperhydration. When possible, fluid should be ingested at rates that most closely match sweating rate. When that is not possible or practical or sufficiently ergogenic, some athletes might tolerate body water losses amounting to 2% of body weight without significant risk to physical well-being or performance when the environment is cold (e.g. 5-10 degrees C) or temperate (e.g. 21-22 degrees C). However, when exercising in a hot environment ( > 30 degrees C), dehydration by 2% of body weight impairs absolute power production and predisposes individuals to heat injury. Fluid should not be ingested at rates in excess of sweating rate and thus body water and weight should not increase during exercise. Fatigue can be reduced by adding carbohydrate to the fluids consumed so that 30-60 g of rapidly absorbed carbohydrate are ingested throughout each hour of an athletic event. Furthermore, sodium should be included in fluids consumed during exercise lasting longer than 2 h or by individuals during any event that stimulates heavy sodium loss (more than 3-4 g of sodium). Athletes do not benefit by ingesting glycerol, amino acids or alleged precursors of neurotransmitter. Ingestion of other substances during exercise, with the possible exception of caffeine, is discouraged. Athletes will benefit the most by tailoring their individual needs for water, carbohydrate and salt to the specific challenges of their sport, especially considering the environment's impact on sweating and heat stress.

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Authors
Coyle, E. F.
Affiliations
The University of Texas at Austin (US)
Corresponding author
Coyle, Edward F
ORCID
Coyle, Edward F
Venue
Journal of Sports Sciences
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2004-01
Volume
22
Issue
1
Pages
39-55
ISSN
  • 0264-0414 (ISSN-L)
  • 1466-447X
DOI
10.1080/0264041031000140545
OpenAlex
W2145009312
Cited by
423
References
154
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 31
FWCI
7.75
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Journal of Sports Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Keywords
fluid intake, carbohydrate intake, sodium intake, dehydration, hyperthermia, sweat rate, heat injury, fatigue, endurance exercise, hot environment, cold environment, caffeine, glycerol, amino acids, electrolyte replacement
MeSH terms
Body Temperature Regulation, Dehydration, Dietary Carbohydrates, Fluid Therapy, Gastric Emptying, Humans, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Physical Endurance, Time Factors, Exercise, Rehydration Solutions, Muscle Fatigue

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