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Cited by 732Thermoregulation and physiological responsesCardiovascular and exercise physiologySympathectomy and Hyperhidrosis Treatments

Physiology of sweat gland function: The roles of sweating and sweat composition in human health

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Baker, Lindsay B.·2019·Temperature
DOI 10.1080/23328940.2019.1632145PMC PMC6773238
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Abstract

The purpose of this comprehensive review is to: 1) review the physiology of sweat gland function and mechanisms determining the amount and composition of sweat excreted onto the skin surface; 2) provide an overview of the well-established thermoregulatory functions and adaptive responses of the sweat gland; and 3) discuss the state of evidence for potential non-thermoregulatory roles of sweat in the maintenance and/or perturbation of human health. The role of sweating to eliminate waste products and toxicants seems to be minor compared with other avenues of excretion via the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract; as eccrine glands do not adapt to increase excretion rates either via concentrating sweat or increasing overall sweating rate. Studies suggesting a larger role of sweat glands in clearing waste products or toxicants from the body may be an artifact of methodological issues rather than evidence for selective transport. Furthermore, unlike the renal system, it seems that sweat glands do not conserve water loss or concentrate sweat fluid through vasopressin-mediated water reabsorption. Individuals with high NaCl concentrations in sweat (e.g. cystic fibrosis) have an increased risk of NaCl imbalances during prolonged periods of heavy sweating; however, sweat-induced deficiencies appear to be of minimal risk for trace minerals and vitamins. Additional research is needed to elucidate the potential role of eccrine sweating in skin hydration and microbial defense. Finally, the utility of sweat composition as a biomarker for human physiology is currently limited; as more research is needed to determine potential relations between sweat and blood solute concentrations.

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  • There is no experimental evidence that alcohol ingestion leads to an increase in sweating rate.

    “There is no experimental evidence that alcohol ingestion leads to an increase in sweating rate (Baker 2019).”

    From Physiological mechanisms determining eccrine sweat composition (2020) · cites this paper as Baker 2019

    In “Excretion of ethanol,” Baker reports that one laboratory study found a higher chest sweating rate 10–30 minutes after alcohol ingestion than after water. The increase was small and transient, and other studies found no difference, but the reported experiment contradicts the claim that there is no experimental evidence of an increase. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The range in sweat [Ca2+] typically reported is 0.2 to 2.0 mmol/L.

    “the range in sweat [Ca2+] typically reported is 0.2 to 2.0 mmol/L (Baker 2019).”

    From Physiological mechanisms determining eccrine sweat composition (2020) · cites this paper as Baker 2019

  • Individuals with salty sweat (e.g., [Cl−] and [Na+] ≥ 70 to 80 mmol/L) have an increased risk of NaCl imbalances during prolonged periods of heavy sweating.

    “Individuals with salty sweat (e.g., [Cl−] and [Na+] ≥ 70 to 80 mmol/L) have an increased risk of NaCl imbalances during prolonged periods of heavy sweating”

    From Physiological mechanisms determining eccrine sweat composition (2020) · cites this paper as Baker 2019

  • There have been mixed results with respect to the relation between flow rate and sweat [K+].

    “there have been mixed results with respect to the relation between flow rate and sweat [K+]”

    From Physiological mechanisms determining eccrine sweat composition (2020) · cites this paper as Baker 2019

    The 'Effect of sweat flow rate' section discusses relationships with sweat [Na] and [Cl], but does not report mixed results for sweat [K+]. Searches for potassium concentration and sweat flow rate found no passage in our copy addressing that relationship. (LLM, conf=0.72)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors
Baker, L. B.
Affiliations
Gatorade Sports Science Institute (US)
Corresponding author
Baker, Lindsay B.
ORCID
Baker, Lindsay B.
Venue
Temperature
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2019-07-03
Volume
6
Issue
3
Pages
211-259
ISSN
  • 2332-8940 (ISSN-L)
  • 2332-8959
DOI
10.1080/23328940.2019.1632145
PMC
PMC6773238
OpenAlex
W2952611328
Cited by
732
References
62
Citations by year
2026: 108 · 2025: 151 · 2024: 139 · 2023: 118 · 2022: 101 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 1
FWCI
6.36
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Temperature (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Gatorade Sports Science Institute (NA)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Sympathectomy and Hyperhidrosis Treatments
Keywords
eccrine sweating, sweat composition, thermoregulation, cystic fibrosis, electrolyte imbalance, skin hydration, vasopressin, water reabsorption

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