Racial and Sexual Objectification of Asian American Women: Associations with Trauma Symptomatology, Body Image Concerns, and Disordered Eating
Abstract
Sexism and racism often imbue Asian American women’s socialization experiences. Operating from an objectification theory framework, the present article (a) examines the conceptual relevance of racial and sexual objectification in describing Asian American women’s oppressive experiences, (b) reviews empirical studies linking racial and sexual objectification with Asian American women’s mental health issues, specifically in the areas of trauma symptomatology, body image concerns, and disordered eating, (c) offers critiques of existing research and points to directions for future research, and (d) discusses clinical implications for therapy work with Asian American women based on available literature. In essence, the present review highlights how Asian American women may experience body image concerns, disordered eating, and trauma symptomatology through processes ethnoculturally and socioculturally distinct to them via experiences of racial and sexual objectification. This review calls for a more nuanced and precise understanding of Asian American women’s racial and sexual objectification experiences and associated mental health difficulties. This understanding can only occur through increased empirical research and clinical practice, as informed by feminist scholarship situated in a culturally expanded objectification framework.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Socio-cultural-political factors (e.g., gendered expectations, gender discrimination, sexual objectification, ableism) and traumatic experiences increase risk for ED development and influence treatment dropout.
“This gender and diagnostic skew is important as socio-cultural-political factors (i.e., gendered expectations, gender discrimination, sexual objectification, abelism) and traumatic experiences increase risk for ED development (e.g., [74–77]), and influence treatment dropout [78].”
From A lived experience response to the proposed diagnosis of terminal anorexia nervosa: learning from iatrogenic harm, ambivalence and enduring hope (2023) · cites this paper as [75]
Cites
Objectification Theory: Toward Understanding Women's Lived Experiences and Mental Health Risks
Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T.-A. (1997) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x · Cited by 5,531 · see citing works
Exacting beauty: Theory, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbance.
Thompson, J. K., Heinberg, L. J., Altabe, M., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (1999) · doi:10.1037/10312-000 · Cited by 3,100 · see citing works
Body image: a handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-3703 · Cited by 1,828 · see citing works
Racism and Psychological and Emotional Injury: Recognizing and Assessing Race-Based Traumatic Stress
Carter, R. T. (2007) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000006292033 · Cited by 1,316 · see citing works
Roberts, A. L., Gilman, S. E., Breslau, J., Breslau, N., & Koenen, K. C. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291710000401 · Cited by 1,083 · see citing works
Objectification Theory and Psychology of Women: A Decade of Advances and Future Directions
Moradi, B., & Huang, Y.-P. (2008) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00452.x · Cited by 1,071 · cited 3× · see citing works
“For Asian American women and other women of color, vulnerability to sexual and other forms of objectification increases because their identities are dually, or more, stigmatized as minority ethnic women (Moradi & Huang, 2008).”
BackgroundRisk factors for eating disorders.
Striegel-Moore, R. H., & Bulik, C. M. (2007) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.62.3.181 · Cited by 999 · see citing works
Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (1998) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e330452004-001 · Cited by 927 · see citing works
Multicultural Competence, Social Justice, and Counseling Psychology: Expanding Our Roles
Vera, E. M., & Speight, S. L. (2003) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000003031003001 · Cited by 858 · see citing works
Nussbaum, M. C. (1995) · Philosophy & Public Affairs · doi:10.1111/j.1088-4963.1995.tb00032.x · Cited by 831 · see citing works
Devos, T., & Banaji, M. R. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.447 · Cited by 790 · see citing works
Abe-Kim, J., Takeuchi, D. T., Hong, S., Zane, N., Sue, S., Spencer, M. S., Appel, H., Nicdao, E., & Alegría, M. (2007) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2006.098541 · Cited by 745 · see citing works
Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (1998) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e491852006-001 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Asian American Women And Racialized Femininities
Pyke, K. D., & Johnson, D. L. (2003) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243202238977 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Moradi, B., Dirks, D., & Matteson, A. V. (2005) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.3.420 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Cheng, H., Kwan, K. K., & Sevig, T. D. (2013) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031169 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Self-citationRacial microaggressions and the Asian American experience.
Sue, D. W., Bucceri, J. M., Lin, A. I., Nadal, K. L. Y., & Torino, G. C. (2009) · Asian American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1037/1948-1985.s.1.88 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Moradi, B., & Subich, L. M. (2003) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000003031004007 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Pieterse, A. L., Carter, R. T., Evans, S. A., & Walter, R. A. (2010) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020040 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
The Role of Self-objectification in Women’s Depression: A Test of Objectification Theory
Szymanski, D. M., & Henning, S. L. (2006) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9147-3 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Cross‐ethnic differences in eating disorder symptoms and related distress
Franko, D. L., Becker, A. E., Thomas, J. J., & Herzog, D. B. (2006) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20341 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Asian American Women and Men: Labor, Laws, and Love
Chinen, J. N., & Espiritu, Y. L. (2000) · Teaching Sociology · doi:10.2307/1319426 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Moradi, B. (2010) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9824-0 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Body Image and Disordered Eating Among Asian American and Caucasian College Students
Mintz, L. B., & Kashubeck‐West, S. (1999) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1999.tb00397.x · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Polanco-Roman, L. A., Danies, A., & Anglin, D. M. (2016) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000125 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Reactions to racial discrimination: Emotional stress and help-seeking behaviors.
Carter, R. T., & Forsyth, J. (2010) · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0020102 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Augustus-Horvath, C. L., & Tylka, T. L. (2009) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014637 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Fitzgibbons, R., & O’Leary, D. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2239473 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Racism and ethnoviolence as trauma: Enhancing professional training.
Helms, J. E., Nicolas, G., & Green, C. E. (2010) · Traumatology · doi:10.1177/1534765610389595 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Bryant-Davis, T. S. (2006) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000006295152 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Cheng, H., & Mallinckrodt, B. S. (2015) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000052 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationBody image and eating disturbance among south Asian‐American women: The role of racial teasing
IYER, D. S., & Haslam, N. (2003) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.10170 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
THE DEVELOPMENT OF FEMINIST CONSCIOUSNESS AMONG ASIAN AMERICAN WOMEN
Chow, E. N. (1987) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/089124387001003004 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Coping with stress: effective people and processes
(2002) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.39-3092 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
A Therapeutic Approach to the Treatment of Racist-Incident-Based Trauma
Bryant-Davis, T. S., & Ocampo, C. (2006) · Journal of Emotional Abuse · doi:10.1300/j135v06n04_01 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Luo, T.-Y. (2000) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/089124300014004006 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
African American Women’s Sexual Objectification Experiences
Watson, L. B., Robinson, D., Dispenza, F., & Nazari, N. (2012) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684312454724 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Face consciousness among South Korean women: A culture-specific extension of objectification theory.
Kim, S. Y., Seo, Y. S., & Baek, K. Y. (2013) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034433 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Charting a New Course for Feminist Psychology
(2002) · Praeger eBooks · doi:10.5040/9798400624803 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Frederick, D. A., Kelly, M. C., Latner, J. D., Sandhu, G., & Tsong, Y. (2016) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.12.002 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Reddy, S. D., & Crowther, J. H. (2007) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/1099-9809.13.1.45 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Therapists' experiences treating Asian American women with eating disorders.
Smart, R., Tsong, Y., Mejía, O. L., Hayashino, D., & Braaten, M. E. T. (2011) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0024179 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Media Exposure, Body Dissatisfaction, and Disordered Eating in Middle-aged Women
Slevec, J., & Tiggemann, M. (2011) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684311420249 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Cheng, H., Tran, A. G. T. T., Miyake, E. R., & Kim, H. Y. (2017) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000195 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationInsidious trauma: Examining the relationship between heterosexism and lesbians’ PTSD symptoms.
Szymanski, D. M., & Balsam, K. F. (2010) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1177/1534765609358464 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Forbes, G. B., & Frederick, D. A. (2007) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9362-6 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Discrimination, Objectification, and Dehumanization: Toward a Pantheoretical Framework
Moradi, B. (2013) · Nebraska Symposium on Motivation/The Nebraska symposium on motivation · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6959-9_7 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Ethnic differences in female sexual victimization
Kalof, L. (2000) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-000-1005-9 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Weight, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating: Asian American women’s perspectives.
Smart, R., & Tsong, Y. (2014) · Asian American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035599 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Miles‐McLean, H., Liss, M., Erchull, M. J., Robertson, C. M., Hagerman, C. J., Gnoleba, M. A., & Papp, L. J. (2014) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684314561018 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Velez, B. L., Campos, I. D., & Moradi, B. (2015) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000015591287 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
You Looking at Her “Hot” Body May Not be “Cool” for Me
Tylka, T. L., & Diest, A. M. K. V. (2014) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684314521784 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
U.S. Muslim women and body image: Links among objectification theory constructs and the hijab.
Tolaymat, L. D., & Moradi, B. (2011) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023461 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Racial Identity Buffers African American Women From Body Image Problems and Disordered Eating
Watson, L. B., Ancis, J. R., White, D., & Nazari, N. (2013) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684312474799 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Feminist Perspectives on Eating Disorders
Scott, M. K. (1995) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.46.4.415-a · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Bandermann, K. M., & Szymanski, D. M. (2014) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000044 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Mitchell, K. S., & Mazzeo, S. E. (2009) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01516.x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Disordered Eating Among Asian/Asian American Women
Cheng, H. (2014) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000014535472 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Double Binds of Our Bodies
Yokoyama, K. (2007) · Women & Therapy · doi:10.1300/j015v30n03_13 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Cummins, L. H., & Lehman, J. D. (2007) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640260701323474 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Chng, S., & Fassnacht, D. B. (2016) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.12.001 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Lowe, S. M., Okubo, Y., & Reilly, M. F. (2012) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0026501 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Sexual Objectification of Women: Clinical Implications and Training Considerations
Szymanski, D. M., Carr, E. R., & Moffitt, L. B. (2010) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000010378450 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Objectification Theory: Areas of Promise and Refinement
Moradi, B. (2010) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000010384279 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Food, bodies, and growing up female: Childhood lessons about culture, race, and class.
Thompson, B. (1994) · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Forbes, G. B., & Jung, J. (2008) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2008.27.1.70 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Racism, Trauma and Positive Aspects of Exposure to Race-Related Experiences
Scurfield, R. M., & Mackey, D. W. (2001) · Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work · doi:10.1300/j051v10n01_02 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Erchull, M. J., Liss, M., & Lichiello, S. (2013) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-013-0326-8 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Perception of Sexual Violence Against Women in Asian American Communities
Lee, M. Y., & Law, P. F. M. (2001) · Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work · doi:10.1300/j051v10n02_02 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Kawamura, K. Y. (2011) · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The role of cultural beliefs in disordered eating among Asian-American women.
Tsong, Y., & Smart, R. (2015) · Asian American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1037/aap0000029 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Asian American Women and Suicide
Noh, E. (2007) · Women & Therapy · doi:10.1300/j015v30n03_08 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Predictors of Familial Acculturative Stress in Asian American College Students
Castillo, L. G., Phoummarath, M. J., & Cano, M. Á. (2012) · Journal of College Counseling · doi:10.1002/j.2161-1882.2012.00005.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Lee, S. J., & Vaught, S. E. (2003) · The Journal of Negro Education · doi:10.2307/3211196 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Koo, K. H., Nguyen, H. V., Gilmore, A. K., Blayney, J. A., & Kaysen, D. L. (2013) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0033830 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Multiracial feminist theorizing about eating problems: Refusing to rank oppressions
Thompson, B. (1996) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640269608249178 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Liang, C. T. H., Alvarez, A. N., Juang, L. P., & Liang, M. X. (2009) · Asian American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1037/1948-1985.s.1.56 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Asian American Women and Suicide:
Noh, E. (2007) · Women & Therapy · doi:10.1300/j015v30n04_08 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Eating Disorders in Asian American Women
Ting, J. Y., & Hwang, W. (2007) · Women & Therapy · doi:10.1300/j015v30n03_11 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The relationship of colonial mentality with Filipina American experiences with racism and sexism.
Felipe, L. C. S. (2015) · Asian American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1037/aap0000033 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Group Counseling with Asian American Women
Liu, Y., Tsong, Y., & Hayashino, D. (2007) · Women & Therapy · doi:10.1300/j015v30n03_14 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Social sharing of emotional experiences in Asian American and European American women
Park, S. H., Brody, L. R., & Wilson, V. R. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930701529117 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Assessing Eating Pathology in Asian Americans
Tsong, Y., & Smart, R. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0796-0_16 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Butterfly Dilemma: Asian Women, Whiteness, and Heterosexual Relationships
Porter, N. (2015) · Women & Therapy · doi:10.1080/02703149.2015.1059182 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Double Binds of Our Bodies:
Yokoyama, K. (2007) · Women & Therapy · doi:10.1300/j015v30n04_13 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The sources and consequences of sexual objectification
Ward, L. M., Daniels, E. A., Zurbriggen, E. L., & Rosenscruggs, D. (2023) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-023-00192-x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Elwyn, R. (2023) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00729-0 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Keum, B. T., Wong, M. J., & Salim‐Eissa, R. (2022) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640221089536 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Forbes, N., Yang, L. C., & Lim, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.993396 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Turning the Health Equity Lens to Diversity in Asian American Health Profiles
Ðoàn, L. N., Chau, M. M., Ahmed, N., Cao, J., Chan, S. W., & Yi, S. S. (2023) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-060222-023852 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Mishra, A., Craddock, N., Chan, J., Elwyn, R., Cerea, S., Tan, W. Q. C., Haamed, H. B., & Türk, F. (2023) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.05.005 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Cheng, H. (2022) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2022.2065664 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationChan, J., Craddock, N., & Swami, V. (2023) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.04.010 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Trauma and eating disorders: an integrated umbrella and scoping review
Moroshko, I., Raspovic, A., Liu, J., & Brennan, L. (2025) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102592 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Choosing recovery: postfeminist empowerment and the embodied self-brand
Swan, A. L. (2021) · Feminist Media Studies · doi:10.1080/14680777.2020.1870244 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ng, I., Hilario, C. T., & Salma, J. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/08445621241289515 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Introduction to Special Issue: Trauma and Well-Being among Asian American Women
Dinh, K. T., Ho, I. K., & Tsong, Y. (2018) · Women & Therapy · doi:10.1080/02703149.2018.1425021 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Impermeable bodies: Women who lion dance in Boston’s Chinatown
Avaunt, C. (2021) · Journal of Theatre Dance and Performance Training · doi:10.1080/19443927.2021.1902381 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Understanding Power in Feminist Knowledges of Bodyweight and Appearance
Malson, H. M., LaMarre, A., & Levine, M. P. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-41531-9_17 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dang, T., & Han, M. (2025) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2025.101937 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Body Shame and Social Media for Chinese International Students in the United States
Wang, Z., Qi, W., Wu, L. Z., & Luo, X. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-59527-2_19 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wang, Z., Qi, W., Wu, L. Z., & Luo, X. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-52011-2_19
Mental health implications: Impact of body image on mood and other disorders
Tsong, Y. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99980-9.00012-0
Asian female body image research globally, Part II—Outside of United States and Asia
Tsong, Y. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99980-9.00007-7
LGBTQ+ Asian body image: U.S. and globally
Le, T. P., & Pease, M. V. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99980-9.00005-3
Phan, P. Q., Le, T. P., & Nagata, J. M. (2026) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-026-01683-x
Asian American Women’s Antiracist Solidarity during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Cheng, H., Li, P. F. J., & Felipe, L. C. S. (2026) · Journal for Social Action in Counseling & Psychology · doi:10.33043/1317ac2857
Self-citation
- Authors
- Cheng, H.-L., & Youngju Kim, H.
- Affiliations
- University of San Francisco (US)
- Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico
- Corresponding author
- Cheng, Hsiu-Lan
- ORCID
- Cheng, Hsiu-Lan
- Venue
- Women & Therapy
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2018-02-05
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 237-260
- ISSN
- 0270-3149 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0315
- OpenAlex
- W2792588973
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 1.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Women & Therapy (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Keywords
- Asian American women, sexual objectification, objectification theory, trauma symptoms, body image concern, disordered eating, sexism, racism, mental health, feminist therapy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
