Cited by 217Memory Processes and InfluencesCognitive Functions and MemoryNeurobiology of Language and Bilingualism

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Editing Episodic Memory following the Identification of Error

Wilkes, A. L., Leatherbarrow, M.·1988·The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The editing of an episodic memory record in order to remove incorrect information embedded within naturalistic communications is an important though underinvestigated phenomenon. Experiment 1 deals with the recall and comprehension of a sequence of messages following the delayed identification of one of the messages as being incorrect. Two styles of correction were employed, and it was found that in neither case was the memory record edited effectively. Inferences based upon the old information continued to be drawn although subjects had clearly recalled that it had been subsequently corrected. Experiment 2 showed that editing could be effective if the old information did not play a central role in the message sequence. It is concluded that the observed difficulties in editing arise when old information has to be excised from the episodic record; the uncontested insertion of new information retrospectively did not present the same difficulty. Reading span was used to monitor subjects’ editing strategies, and from its association with performance measures it is concluded that contradictions in the memory record are not dealt with immediately but are resolved locally when comprehension is questioned. At this time inferences are drawn based upon the most recent version of the contradictory messages. This recency strategy breaks down when the old information provides a better fit to the question posed. Some implications of these findings for models of memory storage are discussed.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/02724988843000168

Cites

21 of 21 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Individual differences in working memory and reading
Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(80)90312-6 · Cited by 6,336
Strategies of Discourse Comprehension
Staczek, J. J., van Dijk, T. A., & Kintsch, W. (1985) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.2307/326517 · Cited by 5,377
Cognitive Skills and Their Acquisition
Anderson, J. R. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203728178 · Cited by 2,929
Forming impressions of personality.
Asch, S. E. (1946) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0055756 · Cited by 2,829
FORMING IMPRESSIONS OF PERSONALITY
Asch, S. E. (1961) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520313514-018 · Cited by 2,100
The Representation of Meaning in Memory
Anderson, J. R., & Kintsch, W. (1975) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421786 · Cited by 2,061
Dynamic Memory: A Theory of Reminding and Learning in Computers and People
Schank, R. C. (1983) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,972
Leading questions and the eyewitness report
Loftus, E. F. (1975) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(75)90023-7 · Cited by 1,233
Untitled work
(1984) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,076
Learning and Comprehension of Text
Bernhardt, E. B., Mandl, H., Stein, N. L., & Trabasso, T. (1988) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.2307/328249 · Cited by 695

Show all 20 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

Brown R., 1965, Social psychology
10.1037/0096-3445.107.1.1 · DOI
Wyer R. S., 1984, Handbook of social cognitition., 1

Sorted by citations

When Corrections Fail: The Persistence of Political Misperceptions
Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2010) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2 · Cited by 3,173
Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing
Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H., Seifert, C. M., Schwarz, N., & Cook, J. (2012) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100612451018 · Cited by 2,920
The Nature and Origins of Misperceptions: Understanding False and Unsupported Beliefs About Politics
Flynn, D. J., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2017) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12394 · Cited by 1,183
Debunking: A Meta-Analysis of the Psychological Efficacy of Messages Countering Misinformation
Chan, M.-P. S., Jones, C. R., Hall Jamieson, K., & Albarracín, D. (2017) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797617714579 · Cited by 898
Countering Misinformation and Fake News Through Inoculation and Prebunking
Lewandowsky, S., & van der Linden, S. (2021) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2021.1876983 · Cited by 773
Thematic Roles Assigned along the Garden Path Linger
Christianson, K., Hollingworth, A., Halliwell, J. F., & Ferreira, F. (2001) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.2001.0752 · Cited by 615
Sources of the continued influence effect: when misinformation in memory affects later inferences
Johnson, H. M., & Seifert, C. M. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.20.6.1420 · Cited by 560
Explicit warnings reduce but do not eliminate the continued influence of misinformation
Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., & Tang, D. (2010) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/mc.38.8.1087 · Cited by 519
Social Media, Echo Chambers, and Political Polarization
Barberá, P. (2020) · Social Media and Democracy · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.004 · Cited by 373
Correcting false information in memory: Manipulating the strength of misinformation encoding and its retraction
Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., Swire‐Thompson, B., & Chang, D. (2011) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-011-0065-1 · Cited by 386
The role of familiarity in correcting inaccurate information.
Swire‐Thompson, B., Ecker, U. K. H., & Lewandowsky, S. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000422 · Cited by 315
Reminders and Repetition of Misinformation: Helping or Hindering Its Retraction?
Ecker, U. K. H., Hogan, J. L., & Lewandowsky, S. (2017) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.01.014 · Cited by 276
Misinformation lingers in memory: Failure of three pro-vaccination strategies
Pluviano, S., Watt, C., & Della Sala, S. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181640 · Cited by 273
Political Misinformation
Jerit, J., & Zhao, Y. (2020) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-032814 · Cited by 263
Can’t We Just Disregard Fake News? The Consequences of Exposure to Inaccurate Information
Rapp, D. N., & Salovich, N. A. (2018) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/2372732218785193 · Cited by 234
Processes of successful intentional forgetting.
Johnson, H. M. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.2.274 · Cited by 213
Correcting erroneous inferences in memory: The role of source credibility.
Guillory, J. J., & Geraci, L. D. (2013) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2013.10.001 · Cited by 211
Misinformation, Disinformation, and Online Propaganda
Guess, A. M., & Lyons, B. A. (2020) · Social Media and Democracy · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.003 · Cited by 284
Do people keep believing because they want to? Preexisting attitudes and the continued influence of misinformation
Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., Fenton, O., & Martin, K. (2013) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-013-0358-x · Cited by 200
Readers’ use of source information in text comprehension
Braasch, J. L. G., Rouet, J., Vibert, N., & Britt, M. A. (2011) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-011-0160-6 · Cited by 194
Political Attitudes and the Processing of Misinformation Corrections
Ecker, U. K. H., & Ang, L. C. (2018) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12494 · Cited by 191
Misinformation, disinformation, and violent conflict: From Iraq and the “War on Terror” to future threats to peace.
Lewandowsky, S., Stritzke, W. G. K., Freund, A. M., Oberauer, K., & Krueger, J. I. (2013) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0034515 · Cited by 183
The continued influence of misinformation in memory: What makes a correction effective?
Seifert, C. M. (2002) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(02)80009-3 · Cited by 161
Can you believe it? An investigation into the impact of retraction source credibility on the continued influence effect
Ecker, U. K. H., & Antonio, L. (2021) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-020-01129-y · Cited by 158
Displacing Misinformation about Events: An Experimental Test of Causal Corrections
Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Political Science · doi:10.1017/xps.2014.22 · Cited by 150
The continued influence of implied and explicitly stated misinformation in news reports.
Rich, P. R., & Zaragoza, M. S. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000155 · Cited by 143
From Clickbait to Fake News Detection: An Approach based on Detecting the Stance of Headlines to Articles
Bourgonje, P., Schneider, J. M., & Rehm, G. (2017) · doi:10.18653/v1/w17-4215 · Cited by 143
Revising what readers know: Updating text representations during narrative comprehension
Rapp, D. N., & Kendeou, P. (2007) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03192934 · Cited by 144
A meta-analysis of correction effects in science-relevant misinformation
Chan, M. S., & Albarracín, D. (2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01623-8 · Cited by 154
Terrorists brought down the plane!—No, actually it was a technical fault: Processing corrections of emotive information
Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., & Apai, J. (2010) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2010.497927 · Cited by 143
Comparing the use of open and closed questions for Web-based measures of the continued-influence effect
Desai, S. C., & Reimers, S. J. (2018) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-018-1066-z · Cited by 166
When Debunking Scientific Myths Fails (and When It Does Not): The Backfire Effect in the Context of Journalistic Coverage and Immediate Judgments as Prevention Strategy
Peter, C., & Koch, T. (2016) · Science Communication · doi:10.1177/1075547015613523 · Cited by 124
Facts and Where to Find Them: Empirical Research on Internet Platforms and Content Moderation
Keller, D., & Leerssen, P. (2020) · Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) · doi:10.1017/9781108890960
He did it! She did it! No, she did not! Multiple causal explanations and the continued influence of misinformation
Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., Cheung, C. S. C., & Maybery, M. T. (2015) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2015.09.002 · Cited by 116
Online Hate Speech
Siegel, A. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.005 · Cited by 123
Can corrections spread misinformation to new audiences? Testing for the elusive familiarity backfire effect
Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., & Chadwick, M. (2020) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-020-00241-6 · Cited by 131
Exploring the neural substrates of misinformation processing
Gordon, A., Brooks, J. C. W., Susanne Quadflieg, A., Ecker, U. K. H., & Lewandowsky, S. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.10.003 · Cited by 92
Misinformation and public opinion of science and health: Approaches, findings, and future directions
Cacciatore, M. A. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1912437117 · Cited by 109
Frequency and Specificity of Referents to Violence in News Reports of Anti-gay Attacks
Henley, N. M., Miller, M., Beazley, J. A., NGUYEN, D. N., KAMINSKY, D., & SANDERS, R. (2002) · Discourse & Society · doi:10.1177/0957926502013001004 · Cited by 85
Correcting Misinformation in News Stories: An Investigation of Correction Timing and Correction Durability
Rich, P. R., & Zaragoza, M. S. (2020) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.04.001 · Cited by 84
Democratic Transparency in the Platform Society
Gorwa, R., & Ash, T. G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.013 · Cited by 71
Reminders of Everyday Misinformation Statements Can Enhance Memory for and Beliefs in Corrections of Those Statements in the Short Term
Wahlheim, C. N., Alexander, T. R., & Peske, C. D. (2020) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797620952797 · Cited by 67
Updating accounts following a correction of misinformation.
Johnson, H. M., & Seifert, C. M. (1998) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.24.6.1483 · Cited by 65
Misinformation and Its Correction
Wittenberg, C., & Berinsky, A. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.009 · Cited by 64
Social and Cognitive Aspects of the Vulnerability to Political Misinformation
Pantazi, M., Hale, S. A., & Klein, O. (2021) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12797 · Cited by 81
Investigation of the determinants for misinformation correction effectiveness on social media during COVID-19 pandemic
Zhang, Y., Guo, B., Ding, Y., Liu, J., Qiu, C., Liu, S., & Yu, Z. (2022) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2022.102935 · Cited by 59
Keeping track of ‘alternative facts’: The neural correlates of processing misinformation corrections
Gordon, A., Susanne Quadflieg, A., Brooks, J. C. W., Ecker, U. K. H., & Lewandowsky, S. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.03.014 · Cited by 59
The role of discomfort in the continued influence effect of misinformation
Susmann, M. W., & Wegener, D. T. (2021) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-021-01232-8 · Cited by 57
Failure to accept retractions: A contribution to the continued influence effect
O’Rear, A. E., & Radvansky, G. A. (2019) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-019-00967-9 · Cited by 57
How Stories in Memory Perpetuate the Continued Influence of False Information
Hamby, A. M., Ecker, U. K. H., & Brinberg, D. L. (2019) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcpy.1135 · Cited by 53
Limited effects of exposure to fake news about climate change
Otten, C. D., Siegrist, M., & Árvai, J. (2020) · Environmental Research Communications · doi:10.1088/2515-7620/abae77 · Cited by 55
The rational continued influence of misinformation
Desai, S. C., Pilditch, T. D., & Madsen, J. K. (2020) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104453 · Cited by 56
Review of social science research on the impact of countermeasures against influence operations
Courchesne, L., Ilhardt, J. G., & Shapiro, J. N. (2021) · Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review · doi:10.37016/mr-2020-79 · Cited by 56
The effects of source expertise and trustworthiness on recollection: the case of vaccine misinformation
Pluviano, S., Sala, S. D., & Watt, C. A. (2020) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-020-00974-8 · Cited by 54
Updating Situation Models During Reading of News Reports: Evidence From Empirical Data and Simulations
Blanc, N., Kendeou, P., van den Broek, P., & Brouillet, D. (2008) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/01638530701792784 · Cited by 46
The persistence of inferences in memory for younger and older adults: Remembering facts and believing inferences
Guillory, J. J., & Geraci, L. D. (2010) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/pbr.17.1.73 · Cited by 43
Understanding and neutralising covid-19 misinformation and disinformation
Wang, Y., Bye, J., Bales, K., Gurdasani, D., Mehta, A., Abba‐Aji, M., Stückler, D., & McKee, M. (2022) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-070331 · Cited by 42
The parallelism between scientists' and students' resistance to new scientific ideas
Campanario, J. M. (2002) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500690210126702 · Cited by 41
On Certain Limitations Accompanying Readers' Interpretations of Corrections in Episodic Text
Wilkes, A. L., & Reynolds, D. (1999) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/713755808 · Cited by 42
Self-citation
Article retracted, but the message lives on
Greitemeyer, T. (2013) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-013-0500-6 · Cited by 44
Bots and Computational Propaganda: Automation for Communication and Control
Woolley, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.006 · Cited by 41
Recalling fake news during real news corrections can impair or enhance memory updating: the role of recollection-based retrieval
Kemp, P. L., Alexander, T. R., & Wahlheim, C. N. (2022) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-022-00434-1 · Cited by 40
Facts and Where to Find Them: Empirical Research on Internet Platforms and Content Moderation
Keller, D., & Leerssen, P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.011 · Cited by 39
The Persistence of Erroneous Information in Memory: The Effect of Valence on the Acceptance of Corrected Information
Guillory, J. J., & Geraci, L. D. (2015) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3183 · Cited by 37
The effectiveness of refutation texts to correct misconceptions among educators.
Ferrero, M., Hardwicke, T. E., Konstantinidis, E., & Vadillo, M. A. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/xap0000258 · Cited by 38
Building mental models from multiple texts: How readers construct coherence from inconsistent sources
Saux, G., Britt, M. A., Vibert, N., & Rouet, J. (2021) · Language and Linguistics Compass · doi:10.1111/lnc3.12409 · Cited by 44
Combating Information Attacks in the Age of the Internet: New Challenges for Cognitive Engineering
Endsley, M. R. (2018) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720818807357 · Cited by 37
The effect of web add-on correction and narrative correction on belief in misinformation depending on motivations for using social media
Lee, J. (2020) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2020.1829708 · Cited by 34
Believing that Humans Swallow Spiders in Their Sleep
Marsh, E. J., Cantor, A. D., & Brashier, N. M. (2015) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/bs.plm.2015.09.003 · Cited by 36
Democratic Creative Destruction? The Effect of a Changing Media Landscape on Democracy
Nielsen, R. K., & Fletcher, R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.008 · Cited by 35
The Impact of Fraudulent False Information on Equity Values
Ullah, S., Massoud, N., & Scholnick, B. (2013) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-013-1657-7 · Cited by 32
Correcting Neuromyths: A Comparison of Different Types of Refutations
Lithander, M. P. G., Geraci, L. D., Karaca, M., & Rydberg, J. (2021) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2021.03.006 · Cited by 35
COVID-19 myth-busting: an experimental study
Challenger, A., Sumner, P., & Bott, L. A. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12464-3 · Cited by 29
People with more extreme attitudes towards science have self-confidence in their understanding of science, even if this is not justified
Fonseca, C., Pettitt, J., Woollard, A. C. S., Rutherford, A. D., Bickmore, W. A., Ferguson‐Smith, A. C., & Hurst, L. D. (2023) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001915 · Cited by 26
Comparative Media Regulation in the United States and Europe
Fukuyama, F., & Grotto, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.010 · Cited by 28
Online Political Advertising in the United States
Fowler, E. F., Franz, M. M., & Ridout, T. N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.007 · Cited by 26
Seeking the opinions of others online: Evidence of evaluation overshoot
Coker, B. L. S. (2012) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2012.06.005 · Cited by 24
Is it smart to read on your phone? The impact of reading format and culture on the continued influence of misinformation
Xu, Y., Wong, R., He, S., Veldre, A., & Andrews, S. (2020) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-020-01046-0 · Cited by 24
Correcting the unknown: Negated corrections may increase belief in misinformation
Autry, K. S., & Duarte, S. E. (2021) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3823 · Cited by 26
Mechanisms in continued influence: The impact of misinformation corrections on source perceptions
Westbrook, V., Wegener, D. T., & Susmann, M. W. (2023) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-023-01402-w · Cited by 24
Challenges in Processes of Validation and Comprehension
Singer, M. (2019) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/0163853x.2019.1598167 · Cited by 23
Vaccination against misinformation: The inoculation technique reduces the continued influence effect
Buczel, K. A., Szyszka, P. D., Siwiak, A., Szpitalak, M., & Polczyk, R. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267463 · Cited by 22
Conclusion: The Challenges and Opportunities for Social Media Research
Persily, N., & Tucker, J. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.014 · Cited by 24
Working toward a theoretical model for source comprehension in everyday discourse
Braasch, J. L. G., & Kessler, E. D. (2021) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/0163853x.2021.1905393 · Cited by 22
How Attitudes Impact the Continued Influence Effect of Misinformation: The Mediating Role of Discomfort
Susmann, M. W., & Wegener, D. T. (2022) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672221077519 · Cited by 22
[Substernal goiters. 218 operated cases].
Cougard, P., Matet, P., Goudet, P., Bambili, R., Viard, H., Vaillant, G., Vergès, B. L., & Brun, J. M. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 21
Does explaining the origins of misinformation improve the effectiveness of a given correction?
Desai, S. C., & Reimers, S. J. (2022) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-022-01354-7 · Cited by 21
Fake news reminders and veracity labels differentially benefit memory and belief accuracy for news headlines
Kemp, P. L., Loaiza, V. M., & Wahlheim, C. N. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-25649-6 · Cited by 21
Does evaluating belief prior to its retraction influence the efficacy of later corrections?
Ithisuphalap, J., Rich, P. R., & Zaragoza, M. S. (2020) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2020.1752731 · Cited by 20
Polarity and attitude effects in the continued-influence paradigm
Gordon, A., Ecker, U. K. H., & Lewandowsky, S. (2019) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2019.104028 · Cited by 20
Evidential bilattice logic and lexical inference
Sch�ter, A. (1996) · Journal of Logic Language and Information · doi:10.1007/bf00215627 · Cited by 20
Correcting the misinformation effect
Crozier, W. E., & Strange, D. M. (2018) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3499 · Cited by 19
Working memory capacity, removal efficiency and event specific memory as predictors of misinformation reliance
Sanderson, J. A., Gignac, G. E., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2021) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2021.1931243 · Cited by 17
Countering AI-generated misinformation with pre-emptive source discreditation and debunking
Spearing, E. R., Gile, C. I., Fogwill, A. L., Prike, T., Swire‐Thompson, B., Lewandowsky, S., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2025) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.242148 · Cited by 32
The independent effects of source expertise and trustworthiness on retraction believability: The moderating role of vested interest
Susmann, M. W., & Wegener, D. T. (2022) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-022-01374-3 · Cited by 19
Countering Superintelligence Misinformation
Baum, S. D. (2018) · Information · doi:10.3390/info9100244 · Cited by 18
Avoiding and Overcoming Misinformation on the Internet
Braasch, J. L. G., & Graesser, A. C. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108684354.007 · Cited by 17
Exploring factors that mitigate the continued influence of misinformation
Kan, I. P., Pizzonia, K. L., Drummey, A. B., & Mikkelsen, E. J. V. (2021) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-021-00335-9 · Cited by 20
Influence of individual differences in working memory on the continued influence effect of misinformation
Jia, L., Shan, J., Xu, G., & Jin, H. (2020) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2020.1800019 · Cited by 16
Belief updating in the face of misinformation: The role of source reliability
Sanna, G. A., & Lagnado, D. A. (2025) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106090 · Cited by 20

Authors: Wilkes, A. L., & Leatherbarrow, M.
Affiliations: University of Dundee (GB)
Venue: The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1988-05
Volume: 40
Issue: 2
Pages: 361-387
ISSN: 0272-4987 (ISSN-L)
1464-0740
DOI: 10.1080/02724988843000168
OpenAlex: W2229830397
Cited by: 217
References: 20
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 0.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Keywords: error correction, memory updating, recency effect, reading span, conflicting information

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Editing Episodic Memory following the Identification of Error

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks