Particle Penetration Through Building Cracks
Open accessAbstract
Particle penetration into buildings influences human exposure to particles of ambient origin. In this study, we present the results of laboratory experiments measuring particle penetration through surrogates of cracks in building envelopes. Rectangular slots were prepared, with crack heights of 0.25 and 1 mm and flow-path lengths of 4-10 cm, using common building materials: aluminum, brick, concrete, plywood, redwood lumber, pine lumber, and strand board. Air was drawn through a slot from a well-mixed chamber by applying a pressure difference ( j P) of 4 or 10 Pa. Nonvolatile, electrically neutralized particles were generated and introduced into the chamber. The particle penetration factor was determined, for particle sizes 0.02-7 w m, as the ratio of the particle concentration downstream of the slot to that in the chamber. Particle size and crack height were the two main factors that governed fractional particle penetration. Consistent with prior modeling results, the penetration factor was nearly unity for particles of diameter 0.1-1.0 w m at S 0.25 mm crack height and j P of S 4 Pa. Particle penetration diminished for larger and smaller particles and for cracks with significant surface roughness and irregular geometry.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Once in the air, PFAAs can travel far and settle into water and soil through wet and dry deposition.
“Once in the air, PFAAs, which break down very slowly, can travel far and settle into water and soil through wet and dry deposition [1,95].”
From Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS (2025) · cites this paper as [95]
The Introduction discusses ambient particles entering buildings, and Results and Discussion describes particle deposition on crack surfaces. Searches for PFAAs, long-range atmospheric transport, and wet or dry deposition found no passage addressing their movement into water or soil. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution
Pope III, C. A. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.287.9.1132 · Cited by 8,447 · see citing works
KLEPEIS, N. E., NELSON, W. C., OTT, W. R., ROBINSON, J. P., TSANG, A. M., SWITZER, P., BEHAR, J. V., HERN, S. C., & ENGELMANN, W. H. (2001) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/sj.jea.7500165 · Cited by 4,803 · see citing works
Barron, R. F. (1999) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b15230-9 · Cited by 3,536 · see citing works
Deposition, resuspension, and penetration of particles within a residence
Thatcher, T. L. (1995) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/1352-2310(95)00016-r · Cited by 861 · see citing works
Özkaynak, H., Xue, J., Spengler, J. D., Wallace, L. A., Pellizzari, E. D., & Jenkins, P. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Long, C. M., Suh, H. H., Catalano, P. J., & Koutrakis, P. (2001) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es001477d · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Review: Epidemiological Basis for Particulate Air Pollution Health Standards
Pope, C. A. (2000) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/027868200303885 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Indoor particulate matter of outdoor origin: Importance of size-dependent removal mechanisms
Riley, W. J., McKone, T. E., Lai, A. C. K., & Nazaroff, W. W. (2002) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es010723y · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Self-citationModeling pollutant penetration across building envelopes
Liu, D.-L., & Nazaroff, W. W. (2001) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(01)00218-7 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Self-citationVette, A. F., Rea, A. W., Lawless, P. A., Rodes, C. E., Evans, G. F., Highsmith, V. R., & Sheldon, L. S. (2001) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/02786820117903 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Penetration of Ambient Fine Particles into the Indoor Environment
Mosley, R. B., Greenwell, D. J., Sparks, L. E., Guo, Z., Tucker, W. G., Fortmann, R. C., & Whitfield, C. P. (2001) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/02786820117449 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Fractional Aerosol Filtration Efficiency of In-Duct Ventilation Air Cleaners
Hanley, J., Ensor, D., Smith, D. D., & Sparks, L. (1994) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1994.t01-1-00005.x · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Solid particle penetration into enclosures
Lewis, S. (1995) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/0304-3894(95)00037-u · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Chastain, J. P., Colliver, D. G., and Winner, P. W., Jr. (1987). Computation of Discharge Coefficients for Laminar Flow in Rectangular and Circular Opening, ASHRAE Trans. 27:2259-2283.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Passive building energy savings: A review of building envelope components
Sadineni, S. B., Madala, S., & Boehm, R. F. (2011) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.014 · Cited by 1,427 · see citing works
Chen, C., & Zhao, B. (2010) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.09.048 · Cited by 993 · see citing works
Nazaroff, W. W. (2004) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00286.x · Cited by 646 · see citing works
Self-citationSioutas, C., Delfino, R. J., & Singh, M. (2005) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.7939 · Cited by 617 · see citing works
Braniš, M., Řezáčová, P., & Domasová, M. (2005) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2004.12.001 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Indoor fungi: companions and contaminants
Nevalainen, A. I., Täubel, M., & Hyvärinen, A. (2014) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12182 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Penetration of freeway ultrafine particles into indoor environments
Zhu, Y., Hinds, W. C., Krudysz, M. A., Kühn, T., Froines, J. R., & Sioutas, C. (2004) · Journal of Aerosol Science · doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.09.007 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
The effect of natural ventilation strategy on indoor air quality in schools
Stabile, L., Dell’Isola, M., Russi, A., Massimo, A., & Buonanno, G. (2017) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.048 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Estimating the concentration of indoor particles of outdoor origin: A review
Diapouli, E., Chaloulakou, A., & Koutrakis, P. (2013) · Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association · doi:10.1080/10962247.2013.791649 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Intake Fraction for Particulate Matter: Recommendations for Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Humbert, S., Marshall, J. D., Shaked, S., Spadaro, J. V., Nishioka, Y., Preiß, P., McKone, T. E., Horvath, A., & Jolliet, O. (2011) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es103563z · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Estimates of HVAC filtration efficiency for fine and ultrafine particles of outdoor origin
Azimi, P., Zhao, D., & Stephens, B. (2014) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.09.007 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Impact of Outdoor Air Pollution on Indoor Air Quality in Low-Income Homes during Wildfire Seasons
Shrestha, P. M., Humphrey, J. L., Carlton, E. J., Adgate, J. L., Barton, K. E., Root, E. D., & Miller, S. L. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16193535 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Thatcher, T. L., Lunden, M. M., Revzan, K. L., Sextro, R. G., & Brown, N. J. (2003) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/02786820300940 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Secondhand Smoke Transfer in Multiunit Housing
King, B., Travers, M. J., Cummings, K. M., Mahoney, M. C., & Hyland, A. J. (2010) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntq162 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Chen, C., Zhao, B., Zhou, W., Jiang, X., & Tan, Z. (2011) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.07.004 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Stephens, B., & Siegel, J. A. (2012) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00779.x · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Influence of ventilation and filtration on indoor particle concentrations in urban office buildings
Quang, T. N., He, C., Morawska, L., & Knibbs, L. D. (2013) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.06.009 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Fine particulate matter in indoor cultural heritage: a literature review
Grau‐Bové, J., & Strlič, M. (2013) · Heritage Science · doi:10.1186/2050-7445-1-8 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Contribution of indoor-generated particles to residential exposure
Isaxon, C., Gudmundsson, A., Nordin, E., Lönnblad, L., Dahl, A., Wieslander, G., Bohgard, M., & Wierzbicka, A. (2014) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.07.053 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Determining the infiltration of outdoor particles in the indoor environment using a dynamic model
Bennett, D. H., & Koutrakis, P. (2005) · Journal of Aerosol Science · doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2005.05.020 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Park, J. H., Yoon, K. Y., & Hwang, J. (2011) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.02.010 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Vehicle and Driving Characteristics That Influence In-Cabin Particle Number Concentrations
Hudda, N., Kostenidou, E., Sioutas, C., Delfino, R. J., & Fruin, S. A. (2011) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es202025m · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Characterizing ultrafine particles and other air pollutants at five schools in South Texas
Zhang, Q., & Zhu, Y. (2011) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00738.x · Cited by 85 · see citing works
WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality
Kelly, F. J. (2010) · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Composition of Particulate Matter During a Wildfire Smoke Episode in an Urban Area
Sparks, T. L., & Wagner, J. (2021) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/02786826.2021.1895429 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Impacts of Aviation Emissions on Near-Airport Residential Air Quality
Hudda, N., Durant, L. W., Fruin, S. A., & Durant, J. L. (2020) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c01859 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Hasheminassab, S., Daher, N., Shafer, M. M., Schauer, J. J., Delfino, R. J., & Sioutas, C. (2014) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.044 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Characterizing the burden of disease of particulate matter for life cycle impact assessment
Gronlund, C. J., Humbert, S., Shaked, S., O’Neill, M. S., & Jolliet, O. (2014) · Air Quality Atmosphere & Health · doi:10.1007/s11869-014-0283-6 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Inhalation intake of ambient air pollution in California's South Coast Air Basin
Marshall, J. D., Granvold, P. W., Hoats, A. S., McKone, T. E., Deakin, E. A., & Nazaroff, W. W. (2006) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.03.034 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationSajjadi, H., Salmanzadeh, M., Ahmadi, G., & Jafari, S. (2016) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.03.006 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Meng, Q. Y., Turpin, B. J., Lee, J., Polidori, A., Weisel, C. P., Morandi, M. T., Colome, S. D., Zhang, J. J., Stock, T. H., & Winer, A. (2007) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es070037k · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Li, C., Bai, L. M., He, Z., Liu, X., & Xu, X. (2021) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.103298 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Stephens, B., & Siegel, J. A. (2012) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/02786826.2011.642825 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Multiunit housing residents' experiences and attitudes toward smoke-free policies
King, B. A., Cummings, K. M., Mahoney, M. C., Juster, H. R., & Hyland, A. J. (2010) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntq053 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Indoor Air Quality in Naturally Ventilated Italian Classrooms
Fuoco, F. C., Stabile, L., Buonanno, G., Trassiera, C. V., Massimo, A., Russi, A., Mazaheri, M., Morawska, L., & Andrade, A. (2015) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos6111652 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The climate and health benefits from intensive building energy efficiency improvements
Gillingham, K. T., Huang, P., Buehler, C., Peccia, J., & Gentner, D. R. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abg0947 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Xu, B., & Zhu, Y. (2009) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/02786820802705837 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Zhao, J., Birmili, W., Wehner, B., Daniels, A., Weinhold, K., Wang, L., Merkel, M., Kecorius, S., Tuch, T., Franck, U. F., et al. (2020) · Aerosol and Air Quality Research · doi:10.4209/aaqr.2019.09.0444 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Mathematical model of particle penetration through smooth/rough building envelop leakages
Tian, L., Zhang, G., Lin, Y., Yu, J., Zhou, J., & Zhang, Q. (2009) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.08.007 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Fu, N., Kim, M. K., Huang, L., Liu, J., Chen, B., & Sharples, S. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158026 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Wu, Y., Tung, T. C. W., & Niu, J. (2016) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.01.013 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Avery, A. M., Waring, M. S., & DeCarlo, P. F. (2019) · Environmental Science Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/c8em00471d · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Salthammer, T., Schieweck, A., Gu, J., Ameri, S., & Uhde, E. (2018) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.07.050 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The effectiveness of stand alone air cleaners for shelter-in-place
Ward, M., Siegel, J. A., & Corsi, R. L. (2005) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00326.x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Fungal spore transport through a building structure
Airaksinen, M., Kurnitski, J., Pasanen, P. O., & Seppänen, O. (2004) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1046/j.1600-0668.2003.00215.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Zhao, B., Chen, C., Yang, X., & Lai, A. C. K. (2010) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/02786821003689937 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Co-optimisation of indoor environmental quality and energy consumption within urban office buildings
Tran, Q., He, C., Knibbs, L. D., de Dear, R., & Morawska, L. (2014) · QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Seasonal variability in environmental tobacco smoke exposure in public housing developments
Arku, R. E., Adamkiewicz, G., Vallarino, J., Spengler, J. D., & Levy, D. E. (2014) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12121 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Schneider, T., Jensen, K. A., Clausen, P. A., Afshari, A., Gunnarsen, L., Wåhlin, P., Glasius, M., Palmgren, F., Nielsen, O. J., & Fogh, C. L. (2004) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.08.002 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Sarnat, J. A., Sarnat, S. E., Flanders, W. D., Chang, H. H., Mulholland, J. A., Baxter, L. K., Isakov, V., & Özkaynak, H. (2013) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/jes.2013.32 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Fu, N., Kim, M. K., Chen, B., & Sharples, S. (2021) · Indoor and Built Environment · doi:10.1177/1420326x211038279 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Hering, S. V., Lunden, M. M., Thatcher, T. L., Kirchstetter, T. W., & Brown, N. J. (2007) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/02786820701368026 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Infiltration of Ambient PM2.5 through Building Envelope in Apartment Housing Units in Korea
Choi, D. H., & Kang, D. H. (2016) · Aerosol and Air Quality Research · doi:10.4209/aaqr.2016.06.0287 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Gens, A., Hurley, J. F., Tuomisto, J. T., & Friedrich, R. (2013) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.054 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Study on particle penetration through straight, L, Z and wedge-shaped cracks in buildings
Li, A., Ren, T., Yang, C., Lv, W., & Zhang, F. (2016) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.12.024 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Penetration of fine particles through rough cracks
Lai, A. C. K., Fung, J. L. S., Li, M., & Leung, K. Y. (2012) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.06.053 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Time for New Methods for Avoidance of House Dust Mite and Other Allergens
Tovey, E. R., & Ferro, A. R. (2012) · Current Allergy and Asthma Reports · doi:10.1007/s11882-012-0285-0 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Stephens, B. (2015) · Science and Technology for the Built Environment · doi:10.1080/10789669.2014.961849 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Mehel, A., & Murzyn, F. (2015) · Atmospheric Pollution Research · doi:10.5094/apr.2015.069 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Analysis of thermograms for the estimation of dimensions of cracks in building envelope
Dufour, M. B., Derome, D., & Zmeureanu, R. (2009) · Infrared Physics & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.infrared.2009.01.004 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Zhao, H., & Stephens, B. (2016) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12295 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Characteristics and control strategies of indoor particles: An updated review
Li, J., Fan, G., Ou, Y., & Deng, Q. (2023) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113232 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Pei, J., Dai, W., Li, H., & Liu, J. (2020) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107100 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Son, Y. (2023) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2023.106957 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Fabian, M. P., Lee, S., Underhill, L. J., Vermeer, K., Adamkiewicz, G., & Levy, J. I. (2016) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph13030327 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Occupant behavior and indoor particulate concentrations in daycare centers
Um, C. Y., Zhang, N., Kang, K., Na, H., Choi, H., & Kim, T. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153206 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Ultrafine particle penetration through idealized vehicle cracks
Xu, B., Liu, S., & Zhu, Y. (2010) · Journal of Aerosol Science · doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.05.005 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
McAuley, T. R., Fisher, R., Zhou, X., Jaques, P. A., & Ferro, A. R. (2010) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00654.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Ten questions concerning indoor ultrafine particles
Nazaroff, W. W. (2023) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110641 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationKing, B. A., Travers, M. J., Cummings, K. M., Mahoney, M. C., & Hyland, A. J. (2009) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp175 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Ultrafine and Fine Particulate Matter Inside and Outside of Mechanically Ventilated Buildings
Miller, S. L., Facciola, N., Toohey, D. W., & Zhai, Z. J. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14020128 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Extraction of Wall Cracks on Earthquake-Damaged Buildings Based on TLS Point Clouds
Jiang, H., Li, Q., Jiao, Q., Wang, X., & Wu, L. (2018) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1109/jstars.2018.2857564 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Particulate matter investigation in indoor environment
(2013) · Global NEST Journal · doi:10.30955/gnj.000689 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
A simple mechanistic model for particle penetration and plugging in tubes and cracks
Mitrakos, D., Chatzidakis, S., Hinis, E. P., Herranz, L. E., Parozzi, F., & Housiadas, C. (2008) · Nuclear Engineering and Design · doi:10.1016/j.nucengdes.2008.07.002 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Marcovecchio, F., & Perrino, C. (2020) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128510 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Estimating climate change-related impacts on outdoor air pollution infiltration
Liang, D., Lee, W.-C., Liao, J., Lawrence, J. E., Wolfson, J. M., Ebelt, S., Kang, C., Koutrakis, P., & Sarnat, J. A. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.110923 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Air Quality - Monitoring and Modeling
(2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/1792 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Chang, N. Y., Eichler, C. M. A., Amparo, D. E., Zhou, J., Baumann, K., Cohen Hubal, E. A., Surratt, J. D., Morrison, G. C., & Turpin, B. J. (2025) · Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/d4em00359d · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Review of Engineering Controls for Indoor Air Quality: A Systems Design Perspective
Li, S. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151914232 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Impact of the external window crack structure on indoor PM2.5 mass concentration
Chen, Z., Chen, C., Wei, S., Wu, Y., Wang, Y., & Wan, Y. (2016) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.08.031 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The experimental study on indoor and outdoor penetration coefficient of atmospheric fine particles
Lv, Y., Wang, H., Wei, S., Wu, T., Liu, T., & Chen, B. (2018) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.01.021 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A Comparison Study of Indoor and Outdoor Air Quality in Nanjing, China
Xu, R., Qi, X., Dai, G., Lin, H., Zhai, P., Zhu, C., Wang, L., & Ding, A. (2020) · Aerosol and Air Quality Research · doi:10.4209/aaqr.2019.10.0496 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Infiltration Characteristic of Outdoor Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) for the Window Gaps
Wan, Y., Chen, C., Wang, P., Wang, Y., Chen, Z., & Zhao, L. (2015) · Procedia Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.1050 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Dacunto, P. J., Cheng, K.-C., Acevedo-Bolton, V., Jiang, R.-T., Klepeis, N. E., Repace, J., Ott, W. R., & Hildemann, L. M. (2013) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12049 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Transport of indoor aerosols to hidden interior spaces
Tang, M., Zhu, N., Kinney, K. A., & Novoselac, A. (2019) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/02786826.2019.1677854 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Wu, Y. L., Niu, J., & Liu, X. (2017) · Building Simulation · doi:10.1007/s12273-017-0388-6 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Mohammadi, M., & Calautit, J. K. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su141710880 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
A modified Brownian force for ultrafine particle penetration through building crack modeling
Chen, C., & Zhao, B. (2017) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.09.035 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS
Hasan, M., Habib, A., Alam, M., Islam, S., & Halim, E. (2025) · Pollutants · doi:10.3390/pollutants5040043 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Once in the air, PFAAs, which break down very slowly, can travel far and settle into water and soil through wet and dry deposition [1,95].”
Cummings, B. E., Avery, A. M., DeCarlo, P. F., & Waring, M. S. (2021) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c00417 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Analysis of vertical movement of particulate matter due to the stack effect in high-rise buildings
Park, S., Yun, C., Lim, H., & Song, D. (2022) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119113 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Xie, W., Fan, Y., Zhang, X., Tian, G., & Si, P. (2020) · Building Services Engineering Research and Technology · doi:10.1177/0143624420905102 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Guyot, G., Sayah, S., Guernouti, S., & Mélois, A. (2022) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.13097 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Eom, Y. S., Park, B. R., Shin, H. W., & Kang, D. H. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13137382 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Mašková, L., Smolík, J., Ondráček, J., Ondráčková, L., Trávníčková, T., & Havlica, J. (2020) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107024 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Stratigou, E., Dusanter, S., de Brito, J. F., & Riffault, V. (2020) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107357 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Eftekhari, A., Fortenberry, C. F., Williams, B. J., Walker, M. J., Dang, A. J., Pfaff, A. R., Nuran Ercal, A., & Morrison, G. (2021) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12789 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Berg, C. J., Haardörfer, R., Windle, M. T., Solomon, M., & Kegler, M. C. (2015) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd12.140479 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Humbert, S., Fantke, P., & Jolliet, O. (2015) · LCA compendium · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9744-3_6 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Yuan, Y., Li, S., Chen, T., & Ren, J. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20031890 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
- Authors
- Liu, D.-L., & Nazaroff, W. W.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
- ORCID
- Nazaroff, William W.
- Venue
- Aerosol Science and Technology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2003-07
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 565-573
- ISSN
- 0278-6826 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-7388
- OpenAlex
- W2093220872
- Cited by
- 215
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 4.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Aerosol Science and Technology (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC03-?, AC03-76SF00098, DEAC03-76SF00098)
- Office of Research and Development
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Wind and Air Flow Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Air Quality and Health Impacts
- Keywords
- particle penetration, building cracks, building envelope, indoor air quality, particle size, pressure difference, building materials, surface roughness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
