CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 135Psychedelics and Drug StudiesPsychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsParanormal Experiences and Beliefs

Set, setting, and matrix

Eisner, Betty·1997·Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
DOI 10.1080/02791072.1997.10400190
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The future use of psychedelics as an aid to therapeutic change is bound to come. The best source of information on how to use these extraordinary drugs is clearly a detailed description of the successes (and failures) of those researchers who have used these compounds to bring curative, creative and growth-potentiating experiences to their patients. A study of their work is recommended in order to identify those elements that lead to successful sessions. Two known essential elements are "set," which involves the personality and experiences of the patient, and "setting," which has to do with the environment of the session. A third element of importance is that of "matrix," which includes consideration of the environment (1) from which an individual comes, (2) in which the individual lives during the time of the sessions, and (3) to which the individual returns after successful therapy--the everyday living space; these three elements are discussed.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/02791072.1997.10400190

Cites

3 of 3 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Contextual factors, such as the environment in which the experience takes place (setting), the mindset of the individual (set), and the support available after the experience (integration and setting), have a huge impact on the effects of psychedelics.

    “Contextual factors, such as the environment in which the experience takes place (setting), the mindset of the individual (set), and the support available after the experience (integration and setting), have a huge impact on the effects of psychedelics (85–88).”

    From Potential therapeutic effects of an ayahuasca-inspired N,N-DMT and harmine formulation: a controlled trial in healthy subjects (2024) · cites this paper as [86]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Eisner, B.
Corresponding author
Eisner, Betty
Venue
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
1997-06-01
Volume
29
Issue
2
Pages
213-216
ISSN
  • 0279-1072 (ISSN-L)
  • 2159-9777
DOI
10.1080/02791072.1997.10400190
OpenAlex
W2153594880
Cited by
135
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 23 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
FWCI
0.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
Keywords
psychedelics, psychedelic therapy, therapeutic change, set and setting, matrix, patient personality, therapeutic environment, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy
MeSH terms
Hallucinogens, Humans, Terminology as Topic, Psychotherapy, History, 20th Century

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review