Cited by 275Psychometric Methodologies and TestingPsychological Testing and AssessmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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National Normative and Reliability Data for the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale

Reynolds, Cecil R., Paget, Kathleen D.·1983·School Psychology Review

DOI 10.1080/02796015.1983.12085047

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Abstract

To develop normative data for the revision of the Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS), the scale was administered to 4,972 children from 13 states and more than 80 school districts representing all geographic regions of the United States. The children ranged in age from 6 years to 19 years. Norms are reported for white males, white females, black males, and black females separately at each age level for the total Anxiety Scale, three subscales of anxiety, and a Lie Scale. A multivariate analysis of variance demonstrated performance on the RCMAS to be a complex function of these factors. Coefficient alpha reliability estimates were also determined for each group at each age level and compared across groups. Reliability was satisfactory for all groups except black females below age 12 years. Caution was recommended in the use of the scale with this age group and potential uses of the scale discussed.

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The Handbook of School Psychology
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What i think and feel: A revised measure of children's manifest anxiety
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Anxiety and strength of the UCS as determiners of the amount of eyelid conditioning.
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Self-citation
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Reynolds, C. R. (1980) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.48.6.774 · Cited by 205
Self-citation
Factor analysis of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale for Blacks, Whites, males, and females with a national normative sample.
Reynolds, C. R., & Paget, K. D. (1981) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.49.3.352 · Cited by 192
Self-citation

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Research works printed but not linked: 7

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Psychometric properties of optimism and pessimism: results from the Girls' Health Enrichment Multisite Studies
Taylor, W. C., Baranowski, T., Klesges, L. M., et al. (2004) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.10.015 · Cited by 27
Parent Use of the Term “Gifted”: Correlates with Family Environment and Child Adjustment
Cornell, D. G., & Grossberg, I. N. (1989) · journal for the education of the gifted · doi:10.1177/016235328901200305 · Cited by 27
Psychological Correlates of Self-Reported and Objectively Measured Physical Activity among Chinese Children—Psychological Correlates of PA
Wang, J. J., Baranowski, T., Lau, W. C., Chen, T.-A., & Zhang, S. (2016) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph13101006 · Cited by 28
Home fruit, juice, and vegetable pantry management and availability scales: A validation
Baranowski, T., Missaghian, M., Watson, K., et al. (2007) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2007.07.013 · Cited by 26
Patterns of Adolescent Regulatory Responses During Family Conflict and Mental Health Trajectories
Koss, K. J., Cummings, E. M., Davies, P. T., & Cicchetti, D. (2017) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12269 · Cited by 25
“The RCMAS has good construct validity and adequate reliability during adolescence (Reynolds, 1980; Reynolds & Paget, 1983).”
Background
Relation of Childhood Worry to Information-Processing Factors in an Ethnically Diverse Community Sample
Suarez‐Morales, L., & Bell, D. J. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3501_12 · Cited by 30
“The internal consistency for the Worry/Oversensitivity subscale was adequate (α = .75) in our sample, which is consistent with previous reports (α = .79; Reynolds & Paget, 1983).”
Result
Self-perception and Body Image Associations with Body Mass Index among 8-10-year-old African American Girls
Stockton, M. B., Lanctot, J. Q., McClanahan, B. S., Klesges, L. M., Klesges, R. C., Kumanyika, S., & Sherrill-Mittleman, D. A. (2009) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsp023 · Cited by 27
“Cool” youth: A systematic review and comprehensive meta-analytic synthesis of data from the Cool Kids family of intervention programs.
Mychailyszyn, M. P. (2017) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/cap0000101 · Cited by 29
“With 37 items that assess chronic or trait anxiety, the RCMAS has been found to have good reliability (Reynolds & Paget, 1983) and reasonable construct validity (Reynolds, 1982).”
Method
Alcohol and Tobacco Use Among Rural Mexican Adolescents: Individual, Familial, and Community Level Factors
Ozer, E. J., & Fernald, L. C. H. (2008) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.04.014 · Cited by 26
Reliability Generalization of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale
Ryngala, D. J., Shields, A. L., & Caruso, J. C. (2005) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164404272495 · Cited by 25
“For each RCMAS scale, Reynolds and Paget (1983) partitioned the normative sample on the basis of gender, race (Caucasian and African American), and age (with 17-, 18-, and 19-year-olds combined in a single group due to a small number of individuals).”
Method
The effect of narrative element incorporation on physical activity and game experience in active and sedentary virtual reality games
Lu, A. S., Pelarski, V., Alon, D., Baran, A., McGarrity, E., Swaminathan, N., & Sousa, C. V. (2023) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-023-00754-7 · Cited by 30
Exploratory Analyses of the Latent Structure of Anxiety Among Older Adults
Lowe, P. A., & Reynolds, C. R. (2000) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164400601007 · Cited by 24
“The MAS was considered to be a useful instrument in identifying individuals with chronic anxiety (Reynolds & Paget, 1983; Reynolds & Richmond, 1979, 1997).”
MethodSelf-citation
Secondary outcomes of a school-based universal resiliency training for adolescents: a cluster randomized controlled trial
Tak, Y. R., Kleinjan, M., Lichtwarck‐Aschoff, A., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1171 · Cited by 34
“Adolescents’ anxiety at baseline up to two years followup was assessed by the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS), which has been found to be reliable and valid [37-39].”
Method
Physical Symptoms and Psychosocial Correlates of Somatization in Pediatric Primary Care
Andresen, J. M., Woolfolk, R. L., Allen, L. A., Fragoso, M. A., Youngerman, N. L., Patrick-Miller, T. J., & Gara, M. A. (2011) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/0009922811406717 · Cited by 23
“Children completed the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS).(21) The RCMAS is a 37-item questionnaire asking children to answer yes or no to questions such as “I worry about what is going to happen.”
Method
Parent outcome expectancies for purchasing fruit and vegetables: a validation
Baranowski, T., Watson, K., Missaghian, M., Broadfoot, A., Baranowski, J. C., Cullen, K. W., Nicklas, T. A., Fisher, J. O., & O’Donnell, S. (2007) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980007382499 · Cited by 23
Psychometric Analyses of the Adult Manifest Anxiety Scale–Adult Version among Young and Middle-Aged Adults
Lowe, P. A., & Reynolds, C. R. (2004) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164404263881 · Cited by 22
“Taylor compiled items from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI; Hathaway & McKinley, 1942) and developed the Manifest Anxiety Scale, a measure used to assess chronic, manifest anxiety in adults (Reynolds & Paget, 1983).”
MethodSelf-citation
Butterfly Girls; promoting healthy diet and physical activity to young African American girls online: rationale and design
Thompson, D. I., Mahabir, R., Bhatt, R., Boutte, C., Cantu, D., Vazquez, I. M., Callender, C. S., Cullen, K. W., Baranowski, T., Liu, Y., et al. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-709 · Cited by 21
“Social Desirability [56,57] x”
Bias in Mental Testing
Reynolds, C. R., & Brown, R. T. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4658-6_1 · Cited by 21
Self-citation
The Ohio Scales Youth Form: Expansion and Validation of a Self-Report Outcome Measure for Young Children
Dowell, K. A., & Ogles, B. M. (2007) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-007-9137-2 · Cited by 20
Family transmission of depressive symptoms: Replication across caucasian and african american mother-child dyads
Jones, D. J., Forehand, R., & Neary, E. M. (2001) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(01)80048-4 · Cited by 20
Effects of Goal Setting on Dietary and Physical Activity Changes in the Boy Scout Badge Projects
Latif, H., Watson, K., Nguyen, N. T., Thompson, D. I., Baranowski, J. C., Jago, R., Cullen, K. W., & Baranowski, T. (2011) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198110385774 · Cited by 19
Anxiety symptoms in rural Mexican adolescents
Ozer, E. J., Fernald, L. C. H., & Roberts, S. C. M. (2008) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0473-3 · Cited by 20
A longitudinal investigation of peer victimization, self-esteem, depression, and anxiety among adolescents: A test of cognitive diathesis-stress theory
Wang, C. (2011) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska) · Cited by 19
Depressive Syndrome in Children Entering a Residential School Subsequent to Parent Death, Divorce, or Separation
HANDFORD, H. A., Mattison, R. E., Humphrey, F. J., et al. (1986) · Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0002-7138(09)60264-8 · Cited by 19
The effects of target and distractor familiarity on visual search in anxious children: latent inhibition and novel pop-out.
Lubow, R., Toren, P., Laor, N., & Kaplan, O. (2000) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(99)00038-9 · Cited by 18
Peer Ratings of Internalizing and Externalizing Problems in Inpatient and Elementary School Children
Epkins, C. C. (1995) · Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/106342669500300402 · Cited by 18
The Relationship of HIV Status, Type of Coagulation Disorder, and School Absenteeism to Cognition, Educational Performance, Mood, and Behavior of Boys with Hemophilia
Mayes, S. D., Handford, H. A., Schaefer, J. H., et al. (1996) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.1996.9914852 · Cited by 15
Assessment with Brief Behavior Rating Scales
Volpe, R. J., & DuPaul, G. J. (2001) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012058570-0/50014-8 · Cited by 15
A comparative study of the psychological problems of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children in a South African sample
Visser, M. J., Hecker, H. E., & Jordaan, J. C. (2018) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2017.1417530 · Cited by 14
“The nine-month test-retest reliability of the instrument is 0.68 and the internal consistency is acceptable (Reynolds & Paget, 1983).”
Influential
The Timeline Followback Interview to Assess Children’s Exposure to Partner Violence: Reliability and Validity
Lam, W. K. K., Fals-Stewart, W. S., & Kelley, M. L. (2008) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-008-9218-z · Cited by 14
“90), and has been normed for children aged 6 to 19 years (Reynolds and Paget 1983).”
Background
Psychosocial Interventions to Improve Wellbeing in Teenage and Young Adult Post‐Treatment Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Systematic Review
O’Donnell, N., Ellis, L., Morgan, J. E., Gregersen, P. A., Willard, V. W., Howell, D. A., & Phillips, B. (2025) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.70081 · Cited by 12

Authors: Reynolds, C. R., & Paget, K. D.
Affiliations: Texas A&M University (US)
University of South Carolina (US)
ORCID: Reynolds, Cecil R.
Venue: School Psychology Review
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 1983-09-01
Volume: 12
Issue: 3
Pages: 324-336
ISSN: 0279-6015 (ISSN-L)
2372-966X
DOI: 10.1080/02796015.1983.12085047
OpenAlex: W309459848
Cited by: 275
References: 15
Citations by year: 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 4.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: School Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, reference values, anxiety assessment, children, adolescents, racial differences, gender differences, age differences, scale reliability, lie scale

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National Normative and Reliability Data for the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale

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