Multisetting Assessment-Based Intervention for Young Children at Risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Initial Effects on Academic and Behavioral Functioning

Kern, Lee; DuPaul, George J.; Volpe, Robert J.; Sokol, Natalie G.; Gary Lutz, J.; Arbolino, Lauren A.; Pipan, Mary; VanBrakle, John D.

doi:10.1080/02796015.2007.12087942

Cited by 86Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderBehavioral and Psychological StudiesEarly Childhood Education and Development

Multisetting Assessment-Based Intervention for Young Children at Risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Initial Effects on Academic and Behavioral Functioning

Kern, Lee, DuPaul, George J., Volpe, Robert J., Sokol, Natalie G., Gary Lutz, J., Arbolino, Lauren A., Pipan, Mary, VanBrakle, John D.·2007·School Psychology Review

DOI 10.1080/02796015.2007.12087942

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Abstract

Recent research suggests that symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder may begin to emerge in children at a very young age. Given that early onset is associated with more deleterious outcomes, early intervention is imperative. In the current study, we evaluated the effectiveness of two different interventions with children aged 3–5 years. A multicomponent intervention combined parent education and individualized assessment-based intervention in home and preschool or day care settings was compared with a parent education intervention consisting of parent education alone. Both interventions resulted in significant improvements measured by standardized assessments of behavior and preacademic skills. There were no significant differences between the intervention groups 1 year postintervention. Implications for further research and practice are discussed.

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These combined behavioral treatment studies reported numerous benefits relative to no treatment or an active psychosocial support intervention.
“these studies reported numerous benefits for the combined treatment relative to a no treatment condition or to an active psychosocial support intervention”
From Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (2014) · cites this paper as Kern et al., 2007
In Kern et al., both groups improved on 16 of 18 primary outcome measures.
“both groups improved on 16 of the 18 primary outcome measures.”
From Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (2014) · cites this paper as Kern et al., 2007
In Kern et al., attendance at parent education was poor in both groups, with mean percentages of 37 and 29.
“Although attendance at parent education was poor in both groups (mean percentages 37 & 29)”
From Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (2014) · cites this paper as Kern et al., 2007
Two combined behavior management studies included preschool-aged children.
“There were two studies of combined BM treatments that included preschool aged children (Kern et al., 2007; Webster-Stratton et al., 2011).”
From Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (2014) · cites this paper as Kern et al., 2007
In Kern et al., there were no significant treatment advantages for the active treatment group relative to control.
“There were no significant treatment advantages for those in the active treatment group relative to those in the control group.”
From Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (2014) · cites this paper as Kern et al., 2007

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Study protocol: implementation of a computer-assisted intervention for autism in schools: a hybrid type II cluster randomized effectiveness-implementation trial
Pellecchia, M., Beidas, R. S., Marcus, S. C., Fishman, J., Kimberly, J. R., Cannuscio, C. C., Reisinger, E. M., Rump, K. M., & Mandell, D. S. (2016) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-016-0513-4 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Qualitative analysis Interviews will be analyzed using an integrated approach [45].”
Method
Including Parents in the Continuum of School-Based Mental Health Services: A Review of Intervention Program Research From 1995 to 2010
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Reductions in Negative Parenting Practices Mediate the Effect of a Family–School Intervention for Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Booster, G. D., Mautone, J. A., Nissley‐Tsiopinis, J., Dyke, D. V., & Power, T. J. (2016) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.17105/spr45-2.192-208 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“These school difficulties in turn contribute to increased risk of school failure (Kern et al., 2007), higher risk of dropping out of school, and reduced participation in postsecondary education (Barkley, Murphy, & Fischer, 2008).”
Background
Early Developmental Cues for Diagnosis of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Young Children
Berger, I., & Nevo, Y. (2011) · Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/ddrr.1111 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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“…parent education programs have focused only on specific behaviors, such as increasing academic and behavioral functioning of children at risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Kern et al. 2007) or increasing cognitive and adaptive functioning of children with autism (Anan et al. 2008).”
Background
Research Advances in ADHD and Technology
Cibrian, F. L., Hayes, G. R., & Lakes, K. D. (2021) · Synthesis lectures on technology and health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-01606-6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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“A consensus has emerged in the past decade suggesting that the earlier intervention occurs, the more likely it is that positive outcomes will be achieved in successfully addressing at-risk children (Greenwood, 1995; Kazdin, 1987; Kern et al., 2007; Reid, 1993).”
Background
Strengthening the social and emotional skills of pre-schoolers with mental health and developmental challenges in inclusive early childhood education and care settings: a narrative review of educator-led interventions
Blewitt, C., O’Connor, A., May, T., Morris, H., Mousa, A., Bergmeier, H. J., Jackson, K., Barrett, H., & Skouteris, H. (2019) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2019.1704283 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Kern et al. (2007) compared a multicomponent intervention including parent education and individualized assessment-based intervention in home and preschool settings, with a parent education intervention alone for children at risk of ADHD.”
Background
Preschool Parent-Pediatrician Consultations and Predictive Referral Patterns for Problematic Behaviors
Fanton, J. H., MacDonald, B., & Harvey, E. A. (2008) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e31818d4345 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Play Behavior Differences Among Preschoolers with ADHD: Impact of Comorbid ODD and Anxiety
Pollack, B., Hojnoski, R. L., DuPaul, G. J., & Kern, L. (2015) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-015-9497-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citation
Research Advances in ADHD and Technology
Cibrian, F. L., Hayes, G. R., & Lakes, K. D. (2020) · Synthesis lectures on assistive, rehabilitative, and health-preserving technologies · doi:10.2200/s01061ed1v01y202011arh015 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The STAR Program: A Description and Analysis of a Multifaceted Early Intervention for Young Children with a Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Northup, J., Reitman, D., & de Back, J. (2009) · Child & Family Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1080/07317100902910315 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Early intervention during the preschool years might also better prepare children and families of children with ADHD for the developmental challenges of elementary school (see Kern et al., 2007).”
Background
Combining Parent and Teacher Training for Early ADHD: A Randomized Study of Effectiveness
Rimestad, M. L., Trillingsgaard, T., O’Toole, M. S., & Hougaard, E. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0982-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“On the other hand, there is limited empirical support for the value of TT as a supplement to PT for young children with ADHD, and some studies also failed to find incremental outcome of adding TT to PT, even with a more intensive TT intervention (Kern et al. 2007).”
Teachers’ Perceptions of Young Gifted Children in China
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“Studies have shown the effectiveness of early intervention for children with disabilities such as ADHD (Kern et al., 2007; McGoey et al., 2002) and ASD (Oono et al., 2013; Warren et al., 2011).”
JPBI 10 Years Later: Trends in Research Studies
O’Dell, S. M., Vilardo, B. A., Kern, L., Kokina, A. A., Ash, A. N., Seymour, K. J., Castrantas, L. M., Kollar, R. B., Wagner, A. M., Bartholomew, A. L., et al. (2010) · Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions · doi:10.1177/1098300710385346 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Schoolwide Positive Behavior Support is an example, which is currently used in schools nationwide (e.g., Sugai & Horner, 2008) and recently has been extended to preschool and early intervention settings (Hemmeter, Fox, Jack, & Broyles, 2007; Kern et al., 2007).”
MethodSelf-citation
The Use of Homework Success for a Child With Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder, Predominantly Inattentive Type
Resnick, A., & Reitman, D. S. (2010) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650110391653 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Parents may be wise to seek such treatment before problems become evident to teachers and school administrators, as a recent study involving children with ADHD symptoms suggests that early intervention may improve academic and behavioral functioning (Kern et al., 2007).”
Background
Behavioral and Academic Progress of Children Displaying Substantive ADHD Behaviors in Special Education
Stoutjesdijk, R., SCHOLTE, E. M., & Swaab, H. (2013) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712474687 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…been many studies on outcomes of children with ADHD regarding academic achievement and aspects of behavioral functioning such as aggression, social interaction, and classroom behavior (e.g., Barnard, Stevens, To, Lan, & Mulsow, 2010; Jitendra et al., 2007; Kern et al., 2007; Merrel & Tymms, 2001).”
Background
The adaptive nature of coercive interactions between parents and their children with defiant Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: implications for treatment
Danforth, J. S., & Diller, J. W. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805469-7.00006-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Isaacs, L., Webb, A., Jerome, S., & Fabiano, G. A. (2015) · The ADHD Report · doi:10.1521/adhd.2015.23.8.1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Tailored Teaching: Teachers' Use of Ongoing Child Assessment to Individualize Instruction (Volume II)
Atkins-Burnett, S., Monahan, S., Akers, L., Carta, J. J., Wasik, B. A., & Boller, K. (2014) · Mathematica Policy Research Reports · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Margherio, S. M., Brockstein, H. J., Bakhtiari, A., & Evans, S. W. (2025) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102639 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Maurice, V., Didillon, A., Purper‐Ouakil, D., & Kerbage, H. (2021) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2021.06.012 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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ScHARR Public Health Collaborating Centre
Walker, V. (2009) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Özdemir, S. (2009) · Current Issues in Education · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Balancing Act—Ethical Issues in Parent Training Research: Confidentiality, Harm Reduction, and Methodology
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“E-mail: eharvey@psych.umass.edu children with ADHD (e.g., Kern et al., 2007; Pelham, Wheeler, & Chronis, 1998) and with conduct or oppositional problems (e.g., Drugli & Larsson, 2006; Sharry, Guerin, Griffin, & Drumm, 2005).”
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Leblanc, N. (2010) · Santé mentale au Québec · doi:10.7202/039132ar · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Lyu, Y. (2023) · Creative Education · doi:10.4236/ce.2023.147093 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Face-To-Face Vs. Online Behavioral Parent Training for Young Children with ADHD: Child and Parent Outcomes
DuPaul, G. J., Kern, L., Dever, B. V., Ariol, M., Morse, S. T., Chunta, A. M., Rosenthal, E., Ahn, J. H., Chen, R., Franklin‐Gillette, S., et al. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2026.2687069 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…RCTs have shown that BPT reduces symptoms of ADHD and related behavior disorders in preschool children with ADHD (e.g., Abikoff et al., 2015; Kern et al., 2007; Risley et al., 2020; Sonuga-Barke et al., 2001) with medium size effects for the reduction of ADHD symptoms, conduct problems, and…”
Self-citation
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“Despite the huge developmental changes within this age period (Kern et al., 2007; Sonuga-Barke, Auerbach, Campbell, Daley, & Thompson, 2005), which require a carefully staged approach to the early identification and intervention of ADHD (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2008), studies comparing t…”
The Relationship of School Counselors’ Disabilities Competence with Self-Efficacy and Pre-Service Training and the Influence of Experience, Training, and Self-Efficacy on Disabilities Competence
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Comparison of Parent Education and Functional Assessment-Based Intervention Across 24 Months for Young Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
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Outcomes of a Multi-Component Intervention for Preschool Children At-Risk for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
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Authors: Kern, L., DuPaul, G. J., Volpe, R. J., Sokol, N. G., Gary Lutz, J., Arbolino, L. A., Pipan, M., & VanBrakle, J. D.
Affiliations: Lehigh University (US)
Northeastern University (US)
Lehigh University
University of Pennsylvania (US)
Lehigh Valley Hospital (US)
Corresponding author: Kern, Lee
ORCID: Kern, Lee
DuPaul, George J.
Volpe, Robert J.
Arbolino, Lauren A.
Pipan, Mary
Venue: School Psychology Review
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2007-06-01
Volume: 36
Issue: 2
Pages: 237-255
ISSN: 0279-6015 (ISSN-L)
2372-966X
DOI: 10.1080/02796015.2007.12087942
OpenAlex: W1576135294
Cited by: 86
References: 29
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 3.42
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: School Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, early intervention, young children, parent education, multicomponent intervention, academic functioning, behavioral functioning, preschool, daycare centers, home-based intervention

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Multisetting Assessment-Based Intervention for Young Children at Risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Initial Effects on Academic and Behavioral Functioning

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