A meta-analysis of behavioral parent training for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Abstract
This meta-analysis examined the effect of behavioral parent training on child and parental outcomes for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Meta-analytic procedures were used to estimate the effect of behavioral parent training on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Variables moderating the intervention effect were examined. Forty studies were included and generated an overall moderate effect size at post-treatment and a small effect size at follow-up. The majority of outcome categories were associated with a moderate effect size at post-treatment that decreased to a small effect size at follow-up. Parenting competence was the only outcome that had a large effect, which decreased to moderate at follow-up. The strength of the effect differed between questionnaire and observation measures. Behavioral parent training is an effective intervention for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Sustainability of the effects over time is a problem that awaits further scrutiny. Recommendations for further research and clinical practices are provided.
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Limited data indicate that behavioral treatment may sometimes produce iatrogenic effects.
“limited data suggest the potential for iatrogenic effects during behavioral treatment”
From Improving Outcomes for Youth with ADHD: A Conceptual Framework for Combined Neurocognitive and Skill-Based Treatment Approaches (2014) · cites this paper as Lee, Niew, Yang, Chen, & Lin, 2012
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“This is in contrast to the pattern reported for behavioral parent training by Lee et al. (2012), who found a reduced effect at followup for a composite parenting outcome that included parenting stress.”
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“Although these sessions are not formally a part of the program, they have been considered desirable from a clinical and ethical point of view (Lee et al., 2012), and are strongly recommended by the program's developer as an opportunity to review themain content, solve newor resistant problems and…”
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Lecavalier, L., Smith, T. H., Johnson, C. R., Bearss, K. E., Swiezy, N. B., Aman, M. G., Sukhodolsky, D. G., Deng, Y., Dziura, J., & Scahill, L. D. (2016) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0233-x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Powell, L., Parker, J. C., Weighall, A., & Harpin, V. (2021) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054721997553 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“The efficacy of parent interventions is also supported by meta-analysis data (Fabiano et al., 2009; Lee et al., 2012; Rimestad et al., 2019).”
InfluentialFabiano, G. A., Schatz, N. K., Aloe, A. M., Pelham, W. E., Smyth, A. C., Zhao, X., Merrill, B. M., Macphee, F. L., Ramos, M. C., Hong, N., et al. (2021) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543211025092 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Interventions for Young Children’s Mental Health: A Review of Reviews
Hudson, J. L., Minihan, S., Chen, W., Carl, T., Fu, M., Tully, L. A., Kangas, M., Rosewell, L., McDermott, E. A., Wang, Y., et al. (2023) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-023-00443-6 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Doffer, D. P. A., Dekkers, T. J., Hornstra, R., der Oord, S. V., Luman, M., Leijten, P. H. O., Hoekstra, P. J., van den Hoofdakker, B. J., & Groenman, A. P. (2023) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12196 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Charbonnier, É., Caparos, S., & Trémolière, B. (2018) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2018.1521944 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Developments and challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD
Dias, T. G. C., Kieling, C., Graeff-Martins, A. S., Moriyama, T. S., Rohde, L. A., & Polanczyk, G. V. (2013) · Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2013-s103 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Chacko, A., Bedard, A., Marks, D. J., Gopalan, G., Feirsen, N., Uderman, J. Z., Chimiklis, A. L., Heber, E., Cornwell, M. A., Anderson, L., et al. (2017) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2017.1282450 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Data suggest that the effects of BPT for children with ADHD tend to dissipate over time (Lee et al., 2012).”
Backgroundİlkokul çağındaki çocuklarda obezite görülme sıklığı ve risk faktörleri
Savaşhan, Ç., Sarı, O., Aydoğan, Ü., & Erdal, M. (2015) · Turkish Journal of Family Practice · doi:10.15511/tahd.15.01014 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Accorsi, A., Lucci, C., Mattia, L. D., Granchelli, C., Barlafante, G., Fini, F., Pizzolorusso, G., Cerritelli, F., & Pincherle, M. (2014) · Journal of Osteopathic Medicine · doi:10.7556/jaoa.2014.074 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
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Meta-Analysis of Parent Training Programs Utilizing Behavior Intervention Technologies
Bausback, K. B., & Bunge, E. L. (2021) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci10100367 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) in autism spectrum disorder
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COVID-19 Pandemisi ve Aile Hekimliği
Saatçı, E. (2020) · Turkish Journal of Family Practice · doi:10.15511/tahd.20.00256 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Schiltz, H. K., McVey, A. J., Gonring, K., Haendel, A. D., Murphy, C. C., Hecke, A. V. V., & Gerdes, A. C. (2021) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-021-02083-2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Sawyer, M. R., Crosland, K. A., Miltenberger, R. G., & Rone, A. B. (2015) · Child & Family Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1080/07317107.2015.1071971 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Reinforcement Contingency Learning in Children with ADHD: Back to the Basics of Behavior Therapy
Meyer, H. D., Beckers, T., Tripp, G., & der Oord, S. V. (2019) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-019-00572-z · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Bjørnebekk, G., Kjøbli, J., & Ogden, T. (2015) · Child & Family Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1080/07317107.2015.1000227 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Wirksamkeit elternzentrierter Interventionen bei Kindern im Alter von zwei bis zwölf Jahren
Herr, L., Mingebach, T., Becker, K., Christiansen, H., & Kamp‐Becker, I. (2014) · Kindheit und Entwicklung · doi:10.1026/0942-5403/a000154 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Barnes, G., Wilkes‐Gillan, S., Bundy, A. C., & Cordier, R. (2017) · Australian Occupational Therapy Journal · doi:10.1111/1440-1630.12417 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Hahn‐Markowitz, J., Berger, I., Manor, I., & Maeir, A. (2018) · Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics · doi:10.1080/01942638.2018.1441939 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Lussier‐Desrochers, D., Massé, L., Simonato, I., Lachapelle, Y., Godin-Tremblay, V., & Lemieux, A. (2023) · Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s41252-023-00319-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“However, for AHDH children, age did not seem to have a moderating effect on parental interventions (Lee et al., 2012).”
BackgroundDekkers, T. J., Groenman, A. P., Wessels, L. M., Kovshoff, H., Hoekstra, P. J., & van den Hoofdakker, B. J. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01735-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Lawrence‐Sidebottom, D., Huffman, L. G., Huberty, J., Beatty, C. C., Roots, M., Roots, K., Parikh, A., Guerra, R., & Weiser, J. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/46578 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Indeed, research suggests that involvement from caregivers is a salient predictor of symptom progression [17].”
BackgroundSystematic Review: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Instrumental Learning
Hulsbosch, A., Meyer, H. D., Beckers, T., Danckaerts, M., Liefferinge, D. V., Tripp, G., & der Oord, S. V. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.03.009 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Furthermore, they become smaller at follow-up, indicating limited sustainability of effects.(8)”
BackgroundEffects of the Incredible Years Program in Families of Children with ADHD
Lessard, J., Normandeau, S., & Robaey, P. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0509-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“2008), as well as one meta-analysis and two reviews specifically on the efficacy of BPT (Chronis et al. 2004; Kohut and Andrews 2004; Lee et al. 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMachalicek, W., Glugatch, L. B., Erturk, B., Brafford, T. L., Kunze, M. G., Drew, C. M., Douglas, A., Storie, S., Crowe, R., & Magaña, S. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11216468 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Kringos, D. S. (2013) · Turkish Journal of Family Practice · doi:10.2399/tahd.13.00165 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Joseph, H. M., McKone, K. M. P., Molina, B. S. G., & Shaw, D. S. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-021-00778-0 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Arnold, L. E., Ober, N., Aman, M. G., Handen, B. L., Smith, T. H., Pan, X. J., Hyman, S. L., Hollway, J. A., Lecavalier, L., Buchan-Page, K. A., et al. (2018) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2017.0134 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Although some studies find PT effective for ADHD in children without ASD, especially preschoolers (Webster-Stratton 2011), and in children without cooccurring disorders (Lee et al. 2012), the findings are not clear and consistent.”
Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Group CBT for Parents of ADHD Children
Wong, D. F. K., Ng, T. K., Ip, P. S. Y., Chung, M. L., & CHOI, J. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0868-4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“It has also been noted that behavioural training yields only moderate short-term improvements in child and parent outcomes (Lundahl et al. 2006; Lee et al. 2012).”
BackgroundSupporting Families of Children With Developmental Disabilities
Wang, M., & Singer, G. H. S. (2016) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199743070.001.0001 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ghim, S., & Ku, B. (2021) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.12934 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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Al‐Yagon, M., Lachmi, M., & Danino, M. (2019) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054719864648 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Overall, the present findings supported prior studies’ assumption regarding the role of parental intervention as an important primary mechanism of change to improve children’s functioning (e.g., Haack et al., 2017; Lee et al., 2012).”
ResultLeckey, Y., McGilloway, S., Hickey, G., Bracken-Scally, M., Kelly, P., & Furlong, M. (2018) · Child Care in Practice · doi:10.1080/13575279.2018.1481368 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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Rosenblum-Fishman, S. D. (2013) · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Pachiti, I., Milienos, F. S., & Dimitropoulou, P. (2023) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.3390/bs13080691 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Research indicates that parents report significant improvements in parenting stress and parental selfefficacy after participating in programs [44,51,52].”
BackgroundHornstra, R., Dekkers, T. J., Bosmans, G., van den Hoofdakker, B. J., & der Oord, S. V. (2022) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-022-00921-5 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Yang, K.-H., Lane, H., Chang, Y., & Tzang, R. (2021) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyab034 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“A previous meta-analysis found that parenting behavior therapy had no sustainable efficacy (Lee et al., 2012).”
MethodPascual, C. F. S., Antón, L. J. M., & Carbonero, M. Á. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12187487 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, its effectiveness has been found to be limited, added to which its effects are not long-term without the supervision and continued follow-up of a specialized therapist [11].”
BackgroundAlda, J. A., Cardo, M. E., del Campo, P. D., García, A., Gurrea, A., & Izaguirre, J. (2017) · GuíaSalud eBooks · doi:10.46995/gpc_574 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Bilginer, Ç., Karadeniz, S., Bulut, S. H., Yilmaz, B. C., & Kandil, S. T. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.5505/kpd.2020.02360 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Tedavisi iyi yönetilmeyen DEHB olgularının ergenlik döneminde sigara, alkol, madde kullanım sorunları ve suça sürüklenme gibi olumsuz sonuçlar gözlenebilmektedir (23,24).”
Staff, A. I., der Oord, S. V., Oosterlaan, J., Hornstra, R., Hoekstra, P. J., van den Hoofdakker, B. J., & Luman, M. (2022) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-021-00892-z · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“1 3 compared to three months later (Lee et al., 2012).”
BackgroundDiabetes mellitus’lu hastaların anksiyete, depresyon durumları ve yaşam kalitesi düzeyleri
Sönmez, B., & Kasım, İ. (2013) · Turkish Journal of Family Practice · doi:10.2399/tahd.13.00004 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Healthy Sleep Practices (Sleep Hygiene) in Children With ADHD
Corkum, P. V., Rigney, G., Howlett, M., & Weiss, S. K. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814180-9.00005-3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Jenness, J. L., DeLonga, K., Lewandowski, R. E., Spiro, C. N., Crowe, K., Martell, C. R., Towbin, K. E., Stringaris, A. K., & McCauley, E. (2022) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2022.2042871 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…and avoidance of tasks requiring mental focus are core features of anxiety, oppositionality, and ADHD, respectively (Barlow, 2004; Matthys et al., 2013; Volkow et al., 2011) and are typically addressed by approaches rooted in FBA (Barlow, 2004; Daley et al., 2014; Kazdin, 2008; Lee et al., 2012).”
BackgroundChildren with ADHD Symptomatology: Does POET Improve Their Daily Routine Management?
Frisch, C., Tirosh, E., & Rosenblum, S. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10061083 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“These benefits mostly included children’s improved behaviours, parents’ improved behaviours and perceptions, and children’s reduced core ADHD symptoms [12,13].”
BackgroundMethodMerrill, B. M., Macphee, F. L., Burrows-MacLean, L. D., Coles, E. K., Wymbs, B. T., Chacko, A., Walker, K. L., Wymbs, F. A., Garefino, A. C., Mazzant, J. R., et al. (2023) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-023-01093-6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“This replicates and extends a large body of literature documenting the beneficial effects of BPT for children with ADHD and their caregivers (Dekkers et al., 2022; Fabiano et al., 2021; Heath et al., 2015; Lee et al., 2012; Lundahl et al., 2006; Theule et al., 2018).”
BackgroundEvde sağlık birimine başvuran yaşlı hastaların beslenme durumları
Akan, H., Ayraler, A., & Hayran, O. (2013) · Turkish Journal of Family Practice · doi:10.2399/tahd.13.36035 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Bir devlet hastanesinde acil servis çalışanlarına yönelik şiddet: şiddetin rapor edilme sıklığı
Vural, F., Çiftçi, S., Fil, Ş., Dura, A., & Vural, B. (2013) · Turkish Journal of Family Practice · doi:10.2399/tahd.13.92486 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Şengezer, T., Sivri, F., Dilbaz, N., & Sunay, D. (2014) · Turkish Journal of Family Practice · doi:10.2399/tahd.14.38247 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Impact of a New Parent Behavioral-Schema Training on Children with ADHD: A Pragmatic Control Trial
Solan, M., Klomek, A. B., Ankori, G., Bloch, A., Apter, A., & Plishty, S. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054720959711 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Few meta-analysis studies show a moderate effect size that is observed at post PBT treatment that decreased to a small effect size at follow-up (Lee et al., 2012; Mingebach et al., 2018; Weber et al., 2019).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDesigning and Tailoring Preventive Interventions for Fathers’ Parenting
DeGarmo, D. S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51027-5_40 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ivory, K. P., & Kern, L. (2021) · Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions · doi:10.1177/10983007211042106 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“A meta-analysis of behavioral training for parents of children with ADHD conducted by Lee et al. (2012) indicated that effects dissipated rapidly when clinician services were fully faded prior to the maintenance phase.”
BackgroundInfluentialAile hekimlerinin sigara bağımlılığı tedavisi konusundaki bilgi, tutum ve uygulamaları
Üçer, H., Ersoy, Ö., & Kahraman, H. (2014) · Turkish Journal of Family Practice · doi:10.2399/tahd.14.00058 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
ADHS im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Update 2020
Popow, C., & Ohmann, S. (2020) · Pädiatrie & Pädologie · doi:10.1007/s00608-020-00789-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Elterntraining soll die elterliche Erziehungskompetenz stärken, wobei die Nachhaltigkeit von Trainingsprogrammen nicht sicher gewährleistet erscheint [168, 185, 217, 359].”
BackgroundA Preliminary Study of Voicebot to Assist ADHD Children in Performing Daily Tasks
Park, D., Lee, J., Han, J., Kim, J., & Shin, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2023.2169530 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Among the nonpharmacological treatments for ADHD, behavioral parent training is an effective intervention for children (Lee et al., 2012).”
BackgroundAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Noordermeer, S. D. S., & Oosterlaan, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197542521.003.0020 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Heubeck, B. G., Richardson, A., & Lauth, G. W. (2024) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12483 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“While Rimestad et al. (2019) separated negative parenting, Lee et al. (2012) also provided a separate estimate for changes in sense of competence and parenting stress.”
Fan, H., Yang, W., Wu, X., Chen, Q., Wang, H., Zhu, K., Zhao, S., Liu, R., Xiang, Z., Wang, Z.-H., et al. (2025) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2025.104459 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Chung, S., Lai, J., Hawkey, E. J., Dvorsky, M. R., Owens, E. B., Huston, E. M., & Pfiffner, L. J. (2024) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsae060 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Piscitello, J., Leon, D., Ramos, M. C., Robertson, E., Altszuler, A. R., & Pelham, W. E. (2024) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2024.2400911 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Previous research has supported the efficacy of BPT for children with ADHD (Ciesielski et al., 2020; P. C. Lee et al., 2012; Van Den Hoofdakker et al., 2007), evidenced by improvements in parent–child interactions, reductions in parent stress, and decreases in the severity and impairment of…”
Parent training for dependent, yet abled, young adults
Berger, U., & Lebowitz, E. R. (2022) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2022.86.3.249 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Jaite, C., van Noort, B. M., Vloet, T. D., Graf, E., Kappel, V., Geissler, J. M., Warnke, A., Jacob, C., Groß‐Lesch, S., Hennighausen, K., et al. (2018) · Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1422-4917/a000602 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Tiwawatpakorn, N., Worachotekamjorn, J., & Tassanakijpanich, N. (2021) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941211026846 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Parent training programs which aim to enhance the parent-child relationship and parenting skills can provide an effective improvement in child behavior (Fields & Hale, 2011; Lee et al., 2012; Wolraich et al., 2011) and parental ability to deal with ADHD children (Lee et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialParenting Interventions for Children with Tic Disorders: Professionals’ Perspectives
Evans, G. A. L., Wittkowski, A., Butler, H., Hedderly, T. J., & Bunton, P. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0317-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Previous parenting programmes in other populations have varied in terms of audience (e.g., Lee et al. 2012).”
BackgroundHeubeck, B. G., Welvaert, M., & Richardson, A. (2023) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12413 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hasta merkezli klinik yöntem: Aile hekimliği bakış açısı
Dergisi, T. A. H. (2013) · Turkish Journal of Family Practice · doi:10.2399/tahd.13.00073 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Isaacs, L., Webb, A., Jerome, S., & Fabiano, G. A. (2015) · The ADHD Report · doi:10.1521/adhd.2015.23.8.1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lee, P.-C., Niew, W.-I., Yang, H.-J., Chen, V. C.-H., & Lin, K.-C.
- Affiliations
- Chung Shan Medical University Hospital (TW)
- National Kaohsiung Normal University (TW)
- Chung Shan Medical University (TW)
- National Taiwan University (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Lin, Keh-chung
- Venue
- Research in Developmental Disabilities
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-11
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2040-2049
- ISSN
- 0891-4222 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2124620143
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 14
- FWCI
- 1.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Research in Developmental Disabilities (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Council in Taiwan (NSC (96-2413-H-040-004)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- behavioral parent training, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, parenting competence, child behavior problems, parental outcomes, intervention effectiveness
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Behavior Therapy, Child, Child, Preschool, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Parents, Treatment Outcome
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