The Epidemiology and Diagnostic Issues in Preschool Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Review
Abstract
This study aims to review the nosology and epidemiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children aged 2 through 5 years. Studies, primarily in community or pediatric clinic settings, were reviewed. In studies using DSM diagnostic criteria, the prevalence of ADHD in preschool children ranges from 2.0% to 7.9%, with hyperactive-impulsive type and combined type significantly more common than pure inattentive type ADHD. Boys and older preschoolers (4- and 5-year-olds vs 2- and 3-year-olds) are more likely to meet criteria for ADHD. Preschoolers with ADHD are significantly impaired in their relationships with adults and other children, in their functioning at home and outside the home, and in cognitive and academic performance. Preschoolers with ADHD are significantly more likely to meet criteria for other psychiatric disorders and those who do meet criteria for other psychiatric disorders are more severely impaired than preschoolers with ADHD alone. Despite the severity of impairment, only about a quarter of preschoolers with ADHD are referred for mental health evaluation or treatment. Preschool ADHD predicts future ADHD and persistent impairment. Preschoolers with ADHD look like older children with ADHD with similar symptom presentations, associated features, and prognosis. These findings suggest that DSM-IV-TR ADHD is a reliable and valid diagnosis for children aged 2 through 5 years.
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Appropriate diagnosis of ADHD can be accomplished in the primary care setting for children and adolescents.
“There is evidence that appropriate diagnosis can be accomplished in the primary care setting for children and adolescents.30,31”
From Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents (2019) · cites this paper as [30]
For extended-release guanfacine and extended-release clonidine, adverse effects include somnolence, dry mouth, dizziness, irritability, headache, bradycardia, hypotension, and abdominal pain.
“For extended-release guanfacine and extended-release clonidine, adverse effects include somnolence, dry mouth, dizziness, irritability, headache, bradycardia, hypotension, and abdominal pain.30,124,125”
From Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents (2019) · cites this paper as [30]
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- Authors
- Egger, H. L., Kondo, D., & Angold, A.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Venue
- Infants & Young Children
- Published
- 2006-04
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 109-122
- ISSN
- 0896-3746 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2321811198
- Cited by
- 137
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 4.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Infants & Young Children (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, preschool children, ADHD prevalence, disease classification, DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria, hyperactive-impulsive type, combined type, inattentive subtype, psychiatric comorbidity, functional disability, underdiagnosis, prognosis, sex differences, age differences
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