Socioeconomic status and young children’s problem behaviours – mediating effects of parenting style and psychological suzhi
Abstract
This study examined the mediation of parenting style and psychological suzhi on the relationship between family socioeconomic status (SES) and problem behaviours in a sample of 814 Chinese children (aged 3–6, mean age 4.725 ± 1.013). Parents reported on their SES and parenting styles as well as children’s psychological suzhi and problem behaviours. Structural equation modelling revealed that the association between SES and children’s problem behaviours was partially mediated by parenting styles and psychological suzhi. Moreover, the chain-mediated effect of authoritative parenting and suzhi was significant, while authoritarian parenting was not. Strategies that help parents provide authoritative parenting practice and those that help children develop psychological suzhi may help reduce children’s problem behaviours.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Psychological suzhi is inseparable from the development of children's behavior.
“Numerous studies have demonstrated that psychological suzhi is inseparable from the development of children’s behavior [8,9,10,11,12].”
From Forgiveness as a Mediator between Psychological Suzhi and Prosocial Behavior in Chinese Adolescents (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
Cites
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788 · see citing works
Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411 · Cited by 41,941 · see citing works
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.40.3.879 · Cited by 34,117 · see citing works
The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/9780674028845 · Cited by 26,084 · see citing works
Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.22.6.723 · Cited by 7,004 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire
GOODMAN, R. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200111000-00015 · Cited by 6,813 · see citing works
Socioeconomic status and child development
Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135233 · Cited by 5,484 · see citing works
Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., & Howell, C. T. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.213 · Cited by 5,436 · see citing works
Current patterns of parental authority.
Baumrind, D. (1971) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0030372 · Cited by 5,292 · see citing works
Halford, G. S., & Andrews, G. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470147658 · Cited by 4,020 · see citing works
Ralston, C. W. (1992) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-199204000-00011 · Cited by 2,244 · see citing works
An interactionist perspective on the socioeconomic context of human development
Conger, R. D., & Donnellan, M. B. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085551 · Cited by 1,935 · see citing works
Developmental ecology through space and time: A future perspective.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10176-018 · Cited by 1,349 · see citing works
A review of research on bullying and peer victimization in school: An ecological system analysis
Hong, J. S., & Espelage, D. L. (2012) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2012.03.003 · Cited by 1,232 · see citing works
How Money Matters for Young Children's Development: Parental Investment and Family Processes
Yeung, W. J., Linver, M. R., & Jeanne Brooks-gunn, B. (2002) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.t01-1-00511 · Cited by 1,181 · see citing works
Handbook of Communication and Social Interaction Skills
(2003) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410607133 · Cited by 1,095 · see citing works
Spera, C. (2005) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-005-3950-1 · Cited by 997 · see citing works
Uses and Misuses of Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory of Human Development
Tudge, J. R. H., Mokrova, I., Hatfield, B. E., & Karnik, R. B. (2009) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/j.1756-2589.2009.00026.x · Cited by 879 · see citing works
Reise, S. P., Scheines, R., Widaman, K. F., & Haviland, M. G. (2013) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164412449831 · Cited by 766 · see citing works
Psychological Perspectives on Pathways Linking Socioeconomic Status and Physical Health
Matthews, K. A., & Gallo, L. C. (2010) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.031809.130711 · Cited by 731 · see citing works
Handbook of Positive Psychology in Schools
Barber, B. L., Abbott, B. D., Neira, C. J. B., & Eccles, J. S. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203106525 · Cited by 661 · see citing works
Hall, P. A. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_1175 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Similarities and differences in mothers’ parenting of preschoolers in China and the United States
Wu, P., Robinson, C. C., Yang, C., Hart, C. H., Olsen, S. F., Porter, C. L., Jin, S., Jian-zhong, W., & Wu, X. (2002) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1080/01650250143000436 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Burt, K. B., Obradović, J., Long, J. D., & Masten, A. S. (2008) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01130.x · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Capital at Home and at School: Effects on Student Achievement
Parcel, T. L., & Dufur, M. J. (2001) · Social Forces · doi:10.1353/sof.2001.0021 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Handbook of Family Measurement Techniques.
Klein, D. M., Touliatos, J., Perlmutter, B. F., & Straus, M. A. (1991) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2072136 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Parenting and SES: relative values or enduring principles?
Roubinov, D. S., & Boyce, W. T. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.001 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Child, Family, School, Community, Socialization and Support
Reviews, C. T. (2013) · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Authoritarian parenting attitudes as a risk for conduct problems
Thompson, A., Hollis, C. P., & Richards, D. (2003) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-003-0324-4 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Timmermans, M., van Lier, P. A. C., & Koot, H. M. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01842.x · Cited by 145 · see citing works
The Handbook of Parenting (Volume 2): Biology and Ecology of Parenting
Luster, T., & Bornstein, M. H. (1996) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/353999 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Vasilyeva, M., Dearing, E., Евгеньевна, И. А., Shen, C., & Kardanova, E. Y. (2017) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2017.08.003 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Wu, L., Zhang, D., Cheng, G., Hu, T., & Rost, D. H. (2015) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.09.019 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Acar, İ. H., Uçuş, Ş., & Yıldız, S. (2017) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2017.1365362 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Liu, G., Zhang, D., Pan, Y., Ma, Y., & Lu, X. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01490 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Are Method Effects Permanent or Ephemeral in Nature? The Case of the Revised Life Orientation Test
Vecchione, M., Alessandri, G., Caprara, G. V., & Tisak, J. (2014) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2014.859511 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Wang, X., & Zhang, D. (2012) · International Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.4236/ijcm.2012.35063 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Liu, G., Pan, Y., Ma, Y., & Zhang, D. (2021) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105318807962 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Lee, B., & Brown, G. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9896-5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Pan, Z., Zhang, D.-J., Liu, G.-Z., & Luo, S.-L. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-0009-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cross-lagged relations between psychological suzhi and academic achievement
Liu, G., Zhao, Z., & Zhang, D. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00184-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Johnson, B., & Murchison, C. (2006) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1415648
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 44 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Xia, X. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105381 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Li-min, Z., Cao, H., Lin, C., & Ye, P. (2022) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2022.01.007 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Zhang, W., Yu, G., Fu, W., & Li, R. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191811691 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Li, D., Li, W., & Zhu, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1231920 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Cao, G., Zhang, L., Deng, J., & Yin, H. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02589-4 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Jiang, Y., Lau, C., & Tan, C. Y. (2023) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2023.2186089 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Xu, C., & Yan, W.-H. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03809-1 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Lin, X., Zhang, Y., Liao, Y., & Xie, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1029408 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Liu, J., Li, B., Xu, M., Luo, J., & Li, X. (2021) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106334 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Fu, W., Xue, R., Chai, H., Sun, W., & Jiang, F. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20021334 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ouyang, Y., Ding, D., & Xu, X. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192315442 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Forgiveness as a Mediator between Psychological Suzhi and Prosocial Behavior in Chinese Adolescents
Chen, X., Zhao, H., & Zhang, D. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12090330 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Growing Minds, Diverging Paths: Psychological Suzhi Trajectories and Adolescent Adjustment in China
Nie, Q., Yang, C., Chen, C., Furlong, M. J., Chan, M. M., Zhang, D., Guo, C., & Teng, Z. (2025) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-025-02228-2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Parenting Styles in Dealing with Children’s Online Gaming Routines
(2021) · İlköğretim Online · doi:10.17051/ilkonline.2021.02.08 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Eti, İ. (2023) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2023.2234658 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Natsir, M. H., Suryadi, A., Kamil, M., Sudiapermana, E., & Julia, J. (2021) · The Open Psychology Journal · doi:10.2174/1874350102114010310 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Disciplinary practices and mental health among adolescents: a person-centered Approach
Valencia, P. D., Durán, L. A. A., Contreras-Pizarro, C. H., Sequeda, G., Reyes, A., Gamón, S., Cárcamo-Zepeda, E., & Holguin, K. P. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07395-w · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Liu, H., & Li, L. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02772-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Xu, X., Li, X., Gu, T., & Li, Y. (2023) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2023.2265269 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Lin, X., Xie, W., & Liao, Y. (2023) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2023.2260690 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Exploring Sociodemographic Correlates of Fathers’ and Mothers’ Behavioral Control
Xu, X., Hanafi, Z., & Razak, N. B. A. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14121203 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Parenting Styles and Dental Caries Among Preschool Children in A Coastal Area of Jember, Indonesia
Misrohmasari, E. A. A., & Prihatiningrum, B. (2022) · Insisiva Dental Journal Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Insisiva · doi:10.18196/di.v11i1.14385 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Influence of Family on Young Children’s Aggressive Behaviors
Lin, Y. (2023) · Journal of Education Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.54097/ehss.v8i.4594 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Digital Parenting Program for Migrant Chinese Families: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Wang, Z., Wang, X., Wang, W., Lachman, J. M., & Zhang, H. (2025) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/10497315251338470 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Xu, L., Abdullah, T. B., & Tang, X. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241289802 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Warsah, I., Morganna, R., Nooraida, S., Bakar, T. A., & Prasojo, Z. H. (2023) · Psikis Jurnal Psikologi Islami · doi:10.19109/psikis.v9i1.16015 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Huang, H., & Wang, X. (2025) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.70053 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Parenting style and mental health issues among primary school children in rural China
Tian, J., Wang, L., Zhao, S. S., Li, S., Fu, Z., & Rozelle, S. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04395-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
杨, 露. (2025) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2025.154203
Does Indirect Aggression Affect Teacher–Student Relationships? Evidence from a Four-Year RI-CLPM
Guimond, C., Boutin, S., Déry, M., & Temcheff, C. E. (2025) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-025-09768-9
Liu, H., & Li, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1607888
Tan, X., Zhang, L., Du, F., Fan, P., Wang, D., & Wu, X. (2026) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2026.105208
- Authors
- Luo, S., Liu, Y., & Zhang, D.
- Affiliations
- Southwest University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, Yunyan
- ORCID
- Luo, Shilan
- Venue
- Early Child Development and Care
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2019-05-01
- Volume
- 191
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 148-158
- ISSN
- 0300-4430 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-8275
- OpenAlex
- W2943817474
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 3.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Early Child Development and Care (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Keywords
- socioeconomic status, child behavior problems, parenting styles, authoritative parenting, authoritarian parenting, mediation, early childhood, Chinese children
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
