Cited by 237Family Dynamics and RelationshipsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentParental Involvement in Education

Parenting and SES: relative values or enduring principles?

Open access
Roubinov, Danielle S, Boyce, William Thomas·2017·Current Opinion in Psychology

Abstract

The quality of parenting is a complex and multiply determined construct that is strongly influenced by the larger ecological context in which it evolves. A substantial body of literature has documented associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and parenting but has been limited in its consideration of factors that may explain or moderate the nature of this relation. The socioeconomic conditions within which a family lives may powerfully influence parenting through its effects on parental mental health and via differential access to resources. Parents' childrearing knowledge and cultural values may also vary along a socioeconomic gradient, with downstream effects on parenting. Further, both socioeconomic factors and parenting can independently shape children's health and development. A more comprehensive understanding of linkages between SES and parenting may inform preventive intervention efforts to support families from disadvantaged environments.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.001

Cites

5 of 5 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Parenting is influenced by perceptions and beliefs about parenting itself and by the level of parental stress.

    “Parenting is influenced by perceptions and beliefs about parenting itself [24, 26] and the level of parental stress [27, 28].”
  • Economic resources and cognitive and socioemotional scaffolding are transmitted through parenting.

    “Economic resources and cognitive and socioemotional scaffolding are transmitted through parenting (the attitudes and practices that parents deploy to care for their children) [20, 24, 25].”

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 47

  1. Adler NE Boyce T Chesney MA Cohen S Folkman S Kahn RL Syme SL 1994 Socioeconomic status and health. The challenge of the gradient Am Psychol 49 1 15 24 8122813
  2. Baumrind D 1967 Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior Genetic psychology monographs 75 1 43 88 6032134
  3. Benasich AA Brooks-Gunn J 1996 Maternal attitudes and knowledge of child-rearing: Associations with family and child outcomes Child development 67 3 1186 1205 8706517
  4. Bornstein MH in press Parenting in acculturation: Two contemporary research designs and what they tell us Current Opinion in Psychology PMC5604855 28813262
  5. Bornstein MH Cote LR Haynes OM Hahn CS Park Y 2010 Parenting knowledge: experiential and sociodemographic factors in European American mothers of young children Dev Psychol 46 6 1677 1693 10.1037/a0020677 20836597 PMC3412549 · DOI
  6. Boyce WT Den Besten PK Stamperdahl J Zhan L Jiang Y Adler NE Featherstone JD 2010 Social inequalities in childhood dental caries: the convergent roles of stress, bacteria and disadvantage Social science & medicine 71 9 1644 1652 20870333 PMC2954891
  7. Bradley RH Corwyn RF McAdoo HP García Coll C 2001 The home environments of children in the United States part I: Variations by age, ethnicity, and poverty status Child development 72 6 1844 1867 11768149
  8. Cabeza de Baca Ellis in press Early stress, parental motivation, and reproductive decision-making: Applications of life history theory to parental behavior Current Opinion in Psychology PMC5657424 28813248
  9. Conger RD Conger KJ 2002 Resilience in Midwestern families: Selected findings from the first decade of a prospective, longitudinal study Journal of Marriage and Family 64 2 361 373
  10. Conger RD Conger KJ Elder GH Lorenz FO Simons RL Whitbeck LB 1992 A family process model of economic hardship and adjustment of early adolescent boys Child development 63 3 526 541 1600820
  11. Conger RD Conger KJ Martin MJ 2010 Socioeconomic Status, Family Processes, and Individual Development J Marriage Fam 72 3 685 704 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00725.x • Comprehensive review of empirical support for the Family Stress Model and Family Investment Model 20676350 PMC2910915 · DOI · Paper page
  12. Conger RD Donnellan MB 2007 An interactionist perspective on the socioeconomic context of human development Annu Rev Psychol 58 175 199 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085551 16903807 · DOI · Paper page
  13. Conger RD Ge X Elder GH Lorenz FO Simons RL 1994 Economic stress, coercive family process, and developmental problems of adolescents Child development 65 2 541 561 8013239
  14. Conger RD Wallace LE Sun Y Simons RL McLoyd VC Brody GH 2002 Economic pressure in African American families: a replication and extension of the family stress model Developmental psychology 38 2 179 11881755
  15. Davis-Kean PE 2005 The influence of parent education and family income on child achievement: the indirect role of parental expectations and the home environment Journal of family psychology 19 2 294 15982107
  16. Duncan GJ Magnuson K 2013 The long reach of early childhood poverty Economic stress, human capital, and families in Asia 57 70 Springer Netherlands
  17. Fiese BH Rhodes HG Beardslee WR 2013 Rapid changes in American family life: Consequences for child health and pediatric practice Pediatrics 132 3 552 559 23918891 PMC3876759
  18. Gershoff ET Aber JL Raver CC Lennon MC 2007 Income is not enough: Incorporating material hardship into models of income associations with parenting and child development Child development 78 1 70 95 17328694 PMC2835994
  19. Gonzales NA Coxe S Roosa MW White R Knight GP Zeiders KH Saenz D 2011 Economic hardship, neighborhood context, and parenting: Prospective effects on Mexican-American adolescent’s mental health American journal of community psychology 47 1–2 98 113 • Cultural-ecological approach to examining parenting in a diverse sample of low-income Mexican American mothers and fathers. Parenting behaviors were influenced by economic and cultural factors across individual and neighborhood levels 21103925 PMC3169846
  20. Grant KE Compas BE Stuhlmacher AF Thurm AE McMahon SD Halpert JA 2003 Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology: moving from markers to mechanisms of risk Psychol Bull 129 3 447 466 12784938
  21. Hill NE 2006 Disentangling ethnicity, socioeconomic status and parenting: Interactions, influences and meaning Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies 1 1 114 124 • Review of theoretical and empirical literature that has attempted to clarify the unique and interactive influences of ethnicity and SES on parenting
  22. Jensen EW James SA Boyce WT Hartnett SA 1983 The family routines inventory: Development and validation Social science & medicine 17 4 201 211 6844952
  23. Lehman BJ Taylor SE Kiefe CI Seeman TE 2005 Relation of childhood socioeconomic status and family environment to adult metabolic functioning in the CARDIA study Psychosom Med 67 6 846 854 10.1097/01.psy.0000188443.48405.eb 16314588 · DOI
  24. Lehman BJ Taylor SE Kiefe CI Seeman TE 2009 Relationship of early life stress and psychological functioning to blood pressure in the CARDIA study Health Psychol 28 3 338 346 10.1037/a0013785 19450040 PMC2844101 · DOI
  25. Lugo-Gil J Tamis-LeMonda CS 2008 Family resources and parenting quality: links to children’s cognitive development across the first 3 years Child Dev 79 4 1065 1085 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01176.x • Large-scale study of low-income families that examined the relation of SES to parenting using behavioral observation. Greater SES was associated with higher support, sensitivity, and positive regard during parent-child interactions 18717907 · DOI · Paper page
  26. Luthar SS Latendresse SJ 2005 Comparable “risks” at the socioeconomic status extremes: Preadolescents’ perceptions of parenting Development and Psychopathology 17 01 207 230 • Unique study of parenting within both low- and high-income communities that highlighted variability in parenting across the socioeconomic gradient. Challenged parenting stereotypes that are often applied to low (and high) SES family environments 15971767 PMC4373649
  27. Matthews KA Gallo LC 2011 Psychological perspectives on pathways linking socioeconomic status and physical health Annu Rev Psychol 62 501 530 10.1146/annurev.psych.031809.130711 20636127 PMC3121154 · DOI
  28. McLoyd VC 1990 The impact of economic hardship on Black families and children: Psychological distress, parenting, and socioemotional development Child development 61 2 311 346 2188806
  29. Mello ZR 2009 Racial/ethnic group and socioeconomic status variation in educational and occupational expectations from adolescence to adulthood Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 30 4 494 504 18605835
  30. Mesman J van IJzendoorn MH Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ 2012 Unequal in opportunity, equal in process: Parental sensitivity promotes positive child development in ethnic minority families Child Development Perspectives 6 3 239 250
  31. Mesman J van Ijzendoorn M Behrens K Carbonell OA Càrcamo R Cohen-Paraira I Heidar J 2015 Is the ideal mother a sensitive mother? Beliefs about early childhood parenting in mothers across the globe International Journal of Behavioral Development 0165025415594030
  32. Mistry RS Biesanz JC Chien N Howes C Benner AD 2008 Socioeconomic status, parental investments, and the cognitive and behavioral outcomes of low-income children from immigrant and native households Early Childhood Research Quarterly 23 2 193 212
  33. Mistry RS Vandewater EA Huston AC McLoyd VC 2002 Economic well-being and children’s social adjustment: the role of family process in an ethnically diverse low-income sample Child Dev 73 3 935 951 12038561
  34. Morawska A Winter L Sanders MR 2009 Parenting knowledge and its role in the prediction of dysfunctional parenting and disruptive child behaviour Child Care Health Dev 35 2 217 226 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2008.00929.x 19134009 · DOI
  35. Newland RP Crnic KA Cox MJ Mills-Koonce WR Family Life Project Key, I 2013 The family model stress and maternal psychological symptoms: mediated pathways from economic hardship to parenting J Fam Psychol 27 1 96 105 10.1037/a0031112 • Longitudinal examination of the Family Stress Model to a large sample of families living in high rural poverty. Beyond maternal depressive symptoms, socioeconomic factors were related to parenting via somatization and anxiety symptoms 23421837 PMC8011847 · DOI
  36. Parke RD Coltrane S Duffy S Buriel R Dennis J Powers J Widaman KF 2004 Economic stress, parenting, and child adjustment in Mexican American and European American families Child Dev 75 6 1632 1656 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00807.x 15566370 · DOI
  37. Pinderhughes EE Dodge KA Bates JE Pettit GS Zelli A 2000 Discipline responses: influences of parents’ socioeconomic status, ethnicity, beliefs about parenting, stress, and cognitive-emotional processes Journal of family psychology 14 3 380 11025931 PMC2759998
  38. Prevoo MJL Tamis-Lemonda in press Parenting and globalization in Western countries: Explaining differences in parent-child interaction Current Opinion in Psychology 28813265
  39. Richards MH Miller BV O’Donnell PC Wasserman MS Colder C 2004 Parental monitoring mediates the effects of age and sex on problem behaviors among African American urban young adolescents Journal of Youth and Adolescence 33 3 221 233
  40. Rowe ML 2008 Child-directed speech: relation to socioeconomic status, knowledge of child development and child vocabulary skill Journal of child language 35 01 185 205 18300434
  41. Roy KM 2014 Fathers and fatherhood The Wiley Blackwell companion to the sociology of families 424 443
  42. Sohr-Preston SL Scaramella LV Martin MJ Neppl TK Ontai L Conger R 2013 Parental Socioeconomic Status, Communication, and Children’s Vocabulary Development: A Third-Generation Test of the Family Investment Model Child development 84 3 1046 1062 23199236 PMC3594401
  43. Spencer N Thanh TM Louise S 2013 Low income/socio-economic status in early childhood and physical health in later childhood/adolescence: a systematic review Maternal and child health journal 17 3 424 431 22466716
  44. Tamis-LeMonda CS Shannon JD Cabrera NJ Lamb ME 2004 Fathers and mothers at play with their 2- and 3-year-olds: contributions to language and cognitive development Child Dev 75 6 1806 1820 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00818.x • Study of mothers’ and fathers’ parenting behaviors that suggests the importance of a family systems approach: mothering was predicted by maternal and paternal socioeconomic factors 15566381 · DOI
  45. Waller MR 2010 Viewing low-income fathers’ ties to families through a cultural lens: Insights for research and policy The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 629 1 102 124 21625346 PMC3103135
  46. Yeung WJ Linver MR Brooks-Gunn J 2002 How money matters for young children’s development: Parental investment and family processes Child development 73 6 1861 1879 12487499
  47. Zilberstein K 2016 Parenting in Families of Low Socioeconomic Status: A Review with Implications for Child Welfare Practice Family Court Review 54 2 221 231 • Unique perspective on parenting strategies that may emerge to promote adaptive functioning in low-SES environments, and how this may be viewed within the child welfare system

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Roubinov, D. S., & Boyce, W. T.
Affiliations
University of California, San Francisco (US)
Corresponding author
Roubinov, Danielle S
Venue
Current Opinion in Psychology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2017-06
Volume
15
Pages
162-167
ISSN
2352-250X (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2599178536
Cited by
237
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 26 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4
FWCI
4.99
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Current Opinion in Psychology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (5r01mh062320-05)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH062320)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Education › Parental Involvement in Education
Keywords
parenting, socioeconomic status, parental mental health, cultural values, access to resources, child development, child health, disadvantaged families

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review