Gender and the Association of Smoking with Sleep Quantity and Quality in American Adults
Abstract
Smoking and gender are known risk factors for sleep disorders. Studies of samples from Norway and Japan have suggested stronger associations between smoking and disrupted sleep in women; therefore, we examined, gender differences in the association in the U.S. population. We analyzed data from the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We examined the associations between smoking and self-reported measures of sleep disorders (i.e., snoring, short sleep, long sleep, poor sleep, and health care provider diagnosis of sleep disordered breathing) using multivariate logistic regression with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) as measures of association. We also assessed whether the associations varied by gender using a gender x smoking interaction term. Compared to never smokers, current smokers had significantly higher odds of self-reported snoring (OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.56-2.56), short sleep (OR 1.68; 95% CI = 1.35-2.10) and poor sleep (OR = 1.38; 95% CI = 1.09-1.74). A dose-response relationship was observed between the amount smoked and sleep symptoms. In multivariate analyses, no significant gender x smoking interaction was observed for snoring, short sleep or poor sleep. Current smoking was independently associated with increased odds of snoring, short sleep, and poor sleep in women and men among U.S. adults.
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Short sleep is associated with current or former smoking status.
“Short sleep is associated with current or former smoking status [31, 32] while both short and long sleep are associated with higher cigarette consumption [31, 33].”
From Smoking, screen-based sedentary behavior, and diet associated with habitual sleep duration and chronotype: data from the UK Biobank (2016) · cites this paper as [32]
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- Authors
- Mehari, A., Weir, N. A., & Gillum, R. F.
- Affiliations
- Howard University (US)
- Inova Fairfax Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mehari, Alem
- Venue
- Women & Health
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-01-02
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-14
- ISSN
- 0363-0242 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0331
- OpenAlex
- W1540512872
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 4.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Women & Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Keywords
- smoking, sleep disorders, gender differences, snoring, short sleep duration, poor sleep quality, sleep-disordered breathing, dose-response relationship, women's health, United States adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Interviews as Topic, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Sleep Apnea Syndromes, Sleep Wake Disorders, Smoking, Snoring, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Body Mass Index, Prevalence, Multivariate Analysis, Confidence Intervals, Logistic Models, Young Adult, Self Report
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