The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 14 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Instructional communication in the televised classroom: The effects of system design and teacher immediacy on student learning and satisfaction
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of conveyance system design and social presence, in the form of teacher immediacy behavior, on perceived student learning and satisfaction in the televised classroom. Results indicate that system design and teacher immediacy behavior strongly impact student learning and satisfaction. System variables such as interactivity and clear audio and video transmission positively influenced perceived learning and satisfaction. Further, instructors who engaged in immediate behaviors such as encouraging involvement, offering individual feedback, maintaining relaxed body posture and using vocal variety were viewed more favorably.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The social psychology of telecommunications
Gray, G. R. H. (1977) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/0308-5961(77)90016-7 · Cited by 3,461
The relationship between verbal teacher immediacy behaviors and student learning
Gorham, J. (1988) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634528809378702 · Cited by 809
The Relationship Between Selected Immediacy Behaviors and Cognitive Learning
Richmond, V. P., Gorham, J. S., & Mccroskey, J. C. (1987) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1080/23808985.1987.11678663 · Cited by 536
Some referents and measures of nonverbal behavior
Mehrabian, A. (1968) · Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation · doi:10.3758/bf03208096 · Cited by 507
The Social Impact of the Telephone
Tarr, J. A., & de Sola Pool, I. (1978) · The Journal of American History · doi:10.2307/1901515 · Cited by 380
Effects of immediacy on recall of information
Kelley, D. H., & Gorham, J. (1988) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634528809378719 · Cited by 309
(2003) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410607737 · Cited by 259
Gratifications Sought and Media Exposure: An Expectancy Value Model
PALMGREEN, P., & RAYBURN, J. D. (1982) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365082009004004 · Cited by 243
Is instructional television educationally effective? A research review
Whittington, N. (1987) · American Journal of Distance Education · doi:10.1080/08923648709526572 · Cited by 111
Audio teleconferencing versus face‐to‐face conferencing: A synthesis of the literature
Fowler, G. D., & Wackerbarth, M. E. (1980) · Western Journal of Speech Communication · doi:10.1080/10570318009374009 · Cited by 75
Cited by
Social presence as a predictor of satisfaction within a computer‐mediated conferencing environment
Gunawardena, C. N., & Zittle, F. J. (1997) · American Journal of Distance Education · doi:10.1080/08923649709526970 · Cited by 2,005
(1995) · International journal of educational telecommunications · Cited by 1,137
Yilmaz, R. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.085 · Cited by 514
“As for Hackman and Walker (1990) understanding the level of satisfaction of the students towards a course or a learning activity is paramount for efficient course design and for understanding its efficiency.”
BackgroundUnderstanding social presence in text‐based online learning environments
Kehrwald, B. (2008) · Distance Education · doi:10.1080/01587910802004860 · Cited by 424
Cross-cultural Comparisons of Online Collaboration
Kim, K.-J., & Bonk, C. J. (2006) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2002.tb00163.x · Cited by 223
Metadata
- Authors
- Hackman, M. Z., & Walker, K. B.
- Venue
- Communication Education
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1990-07
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 196-206
- ISSN
- 0363-4523 (ISSN-L)
- 1479-5795
- OpenAlex
- W2030131080
- Cited by
- 320
- References
- 14
- FWCI
- 15.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Instructional communication in the televised classroom: The effects of system design and teacher immediacy on student learning and satisfaction. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1080/03634529009378802
- The paper
- Hackman, M. Z., & Walker, K. B. (1990). Instructional communication in the televised classroom: The effects of system design and teacher immediacy on student learning and satisfaction. Communication Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634529009378802
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
