Higher protein intake is associated with diabetes risk in South Asian Indians: the Metabolic Syndrome and Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) Study
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Despite a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes in South Asian Indians, the impact of diet in this high-risk ethnic group has not been fully explored. The association of macronutrient intake and diabetes in South Asian Indians was examined in this cross-sectional study. METHODS: A population-based cohort of 146 South Asian Indians aged 45-79 years without existing cardiovascular disease living in the San Francisco Bay Area was recruited between August 2006 and October 2007. Macronutrient intake was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire developed and validated in South Asians. Diabetes was defined by use of a hypoglycemic medication, a fasting plasma glucose level > or =126 mg/dL, or a 2-hour post-challenge glucose level > or =200 mg/dL. The association between energy-adjusted macronutrient intake and diabetes was explored using multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS: Forty-one (28%) participants had type 2 diabetes; 20 were unaware of this diagnosis and were classified as having diabetes by laboratory testing. In a model fully adjusted for age, sex, waist circumference, and hypertension, there was a 70% increase in the odds of diabetes per standard deviation in gram of protein intake/day (standardized OR 1.70 [95% CI 1.08, 2.68], p = 0.02). There was a trend toward increased protein intake and diabetes in the subset of participants with previously unknown, laboratory-diagnosed diabetes. Results did not vary significantly by sex, body mass index, or dietary pattern. CONCLUSIONS: Higher level of protein intake was associated with increased odds of diabetes in this cohort of South Asian Indians. Diet may be a modifiable lifestyle factor in this high-risk ethnic group.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
High protein intake could have adverse effects on metabolic function.
“and could have adverse effects on metabolic function”
From Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss (2017) · cites this paper as [122]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis: Objectives and Design
Bild, D. E. (2002) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwf113 · Cited by 3,942 · see citing works
Adjustment for total energy intake in epidemiologic studies
Willett, W. C., Howe, G., & Kushi, L. H. (1997) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/65.4.1220s · Cited by 3,747 · see citing works
Dietary Fat and Meat Intake in Relation to Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Men
van Dam, R. M., Willett, W. C., Rimm, E. B., Stampfer, M. J., & Hu, F. B. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.3.417 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Dietary Patterns, Meat Intake, and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women
Fung, T. T., Schulze, M. B., Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2004) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.164.20.2235 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Mohan, V., Deepa, M., Deepa, R., Shanthirani, C. S., Syed, F., Ganesan, A., & Datta, M. (2006) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0219-2 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Atherothrombosis, inflammation, and diabetes
Biondi‐Zoccai, G., Abbate, A., Liuzzo, G., & Biasucci, L. M. (2003) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00088-3 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
ADME evaluation in drug discovery
Hou, T., & Xu, X. (2002) · Journal of Molecular Modeling · doi:10.1007/s00894-002-0101-1 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Cai, W., Gao, Q.-D., Zhu, L., Peppa, Μ., He, C., & Vlassara, H. (2002) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf03402014 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
We the People: Asians in the United States. Census 2000 Special Reports. CENSR-17.
Reeves, T. J., & Bennett, C. E. (2004) · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Nettleton, J. A., Steffen, L. M., Ni, H., Liu, K., & Jacobs, D. R. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-0760 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Misra, R., Patel, T. G., Kotha, P., Raji, A., Ganda, O., Banerji, M., Shah, V. N., Vijay, K., Mudaliar, S., Iyer, D., et al. (2010) · Journal of diabetes and its complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2009.01.003 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Kelemen, L. E., Anand, S. S., Vuksan, V. V. V., Yi, Q., Teo, K. K., Devanesen, S., & Yusuf, S. (2003) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(03)00985-4 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Kanaya, A., Wassel, C. L., Mathur, D., Stewart, A., Herrington, D., Budoff, M., Ranpura, V., & Liu, K. (2010) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2009.0062 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationNitrate and Nitrite Intake and the Risk for Type 1 Diabetes in Finnish Children
Virtanen, S. M., Jaakkola, L., Räsänen, L., Ylönen, K., Aro, A., Lounamaa, R., Åkerblom, H. K., Tuomilehto, J., & Childhood Diabetes in Finland Study Group (1994) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1994.tb00328.x · Cited by 131 · see citing works
The effect of ethnicity on the prevalence of diabetes and associated chronic kidney disease
Dreyer, G., Hull, S., Aitken, Z., et al. (2009) · QJM · doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcn177 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Multivitamin Supplementation of HIV-Positive Women during Pregnancy Reduces Hypertension
Merchant, A. T., Msamanga, G., Villamor, E., Saathoff, E., O'Brien, M., Hertzmark, E., Hunter, D. J., & Fawzi, W. W. (2005) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/135.7.1776 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Protein Intake Is Inversely Associated with Abdominal Obesity in a Multi-Ethnic Population
Merchant, A. T., Anand, S. S., Vuksan, V., Jacobs, R., Davis, B. C., Teo, K. K., & Yusuf, S. (2005) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/135.5.1196 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Peppa, Μ., Goldberg, T., Cai, W., Rayfield, E. J., & Vlassara, H. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.10.1898 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Anthropometric Characteristics, Dietary Patterns and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Vietnam
Son, L. N. T. D., Hanh, T. T. M., Kusama, K., Kunii, D., Sakai, T., Hung, N. T. K., & Yamamoto, S. (2005) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2005.10719469 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Diabetogenic effect of N-nitrosomethylurea and N-nitrosomethylurethane in the adult rat.
Portha, B., Giroix, M.-H., Cros, J. C., & Picon, L. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Ghosh, A. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss
Cava, E., Yeat, N. C., & Mittendorfer, B. (2017) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.116.014506 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Dietary protein intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in US men and women
Malik, V. S., Li, Y., Tobias, D. K., Pan, A., & Hu, F. B. (2016) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwv268 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Huang, Y.-H., Chiu, W.-C., Hsu, Y.-P., Lo, Y.-L., & Wang, Y.-H. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12123739 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wang, E. T., de Koning, L., & Kanaya, A. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Erica T
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-04
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 130-135
- ISSN
- 0731-5724 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-1087
- PMC
- PMC4049291
- OpenAlex
- W1989341425
- Semantic Scholar
- 03a42b6b11771e78d54196cf82a2ad47509243e7
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 4.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k23hl080026-02, UL1TR000004)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K23-HL080026)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA011598, DA 11598, P30DA013868, DA013868)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK5434-03)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR000054)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- protein intake, type 2 diabetes, South Asian Indians, macronutrient intake, diabetes risk, diet, MASALA study, South Asian Americans, undiagnosed diabetes, lifestyle modification
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Energy Intake, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Dietary Proteins, Female, Humans, India, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, United States, Odds Ratio
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
