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Agroecosystem Management and Nutritional Quality of Plant Foods: The Case of Organic Fruits and Vegetables
Open accessAbstract
Organic and conventional crop management systems differ in terms of the fertilisers and plant protection methods used. Ecological and agronomic research on the effect of fertilization on plant composition shows that increasing availability of plant available nitrogen reduces the accumulation of defense-related secondary metabolites and vitamin C, while the contents of secondary metabolites such as carotenes that are not involved in defense against diseases and pests may increase. In relation to human health, increased intake of fruits and vegetables is linked to reduced risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. This benefit may be primarily due to their content of defense-related secondary metabolites, since most other constituents of fruits and vegetables either are not unique to these foods or have been shown to not provide health benefits when the intake is increased. A meta-analysis of the published comparisons of the content of secondary metabolites and vitamins in organically and conventionally produced fruits and vegetables showed that in organic produce the content of secondary metabolites is 12% higher than in corresponding conventional samples ( P< 0.0001). This overall difference spans a large variation among sub-groups of secondary metabolites, from a 16% higher content for defence-related compounds ( P< 0.0001) to a nonsignificant 2% lower content for carotenoids, while vitamin C showed a 6% higher content ( P= 0.006). Based on the assumption that increasing the content of biologically active compounds in fruits and vegetables by 12% would be equivalent to increasing the intake of fruits and vegetables by the same 12%, a model developed to calculate the health outcome of increasing the intake of fruits and vegetables was then used to tentatively estimate the potential increase in life expectancy that would be achieved by switching from conventional to organic produce without changing the amount consumed per day, to 17 days for women and 25 days for men.
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“However, these systematic reviews (1) used different methodologies (e.g. weighted and unweighted meta-analyses) and inclusion criteria, (2) did not cover most of the large amount of information published in the last 4–5 years, (3) provided no structured assessment of the strength of the evidence presented, and (4) came to contrasting conclusions.”
In the citing paper
“Several systematic literature reviews have recently analysed the available published information, using both qualitative and quantitative methods, with the aim of identifying the potential effects of organic and conventional production protocols on the nutritional quality of crops( 19 – 21 ).”
In the citing paper
“As a result, there is still considerable controversy as to whether the use of organic production standards results in significant and consistent changes in the concentrations of potentially health-promoting (e.g. antioxidants, (poly)phenolics, vitamins and certain minerals) and potentially harmful (e.g. Cd and Pb) compounds in crops and crop-based foods( 7 , 19 – 22 ).”
In the citing paper
“In contrast, there is increasing evidence that differences in fertilisation regimens between organic and conventional production systems (and, in particular, the non-use of high mineral N fertiliser inputs) are significant drivers for higher (poly)phenolic concentrations in organic crops( 20 , 49 – 52 ).”
In the citing paper
“For plant secondary metabolites, this confirms the results of the meta-analyses carried out by Brandt et al. ( 20 ), which indicated that there are significant composition differences between organic and conventional crops for a range of nutritionally relevant compounds.”
In the citing paper
“As has been mentioned in previous reviews( 19 – 21 ), pooling diverse information was necessary, because for most of the composition parameters, the number of published studies available was not sufficient to carry out separate meta-analyses for specific countries/regions and crop types and species.”
In the citing paper
“In contrast to previous literature reviews( 19 – 21 ), the larger number of studies now available allowed separate meta-analyses to be carried out for different crop types (e.g. fruits, vegetables and cereals), but only for a limited number of composition parameters.”
In the citing paper
“This is not surprising as both genetic and environmental/agronomic factors are known to affect the concentrations of N, , , proteins, sugars, antioxidants/(poly)phenolics, Cd and pesticides in crops( 7 , 9 – 12 , 20 , 47 – 52 , 62 ).”
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“It is also understandable how even the most recent reviewers (Dangour et al. 2009; Rosen 2010; Brandt et al. 2011; Hunter et al. 2011; Lima and Vianello 2011) of these studies, using different methodologies and criteria for inclusion in their reviews, would come to conclusions that are at variance with one another.”
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Organic Farming and Organic Food Quality: Prospects and Limitations
Zikeli, S., Rembiałkowska, E., Załęcka, A., & Badowski, M. (2013) · Integrated science & technology program · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7454-4_3 · Cited by 21
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“An increase in tomato phenolic content has also been observed after organic amendment, such as compost fertilization (Mitchell et al., 2007; Brandt et al., 2011).”
BackgroundHassan, M. O., Saleh, A. M., & AbdElgawad, H. (2018) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05821 · Cited by 20
Agroecological Principles from a Bibliographic Analysis of the Term Agroecology
Brym, Z. T., & Reeve, J. R. (2016) · Sustainable agriculture reviews · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26777-7_5 · Cited by 19
“…decisions supported by an agroecological framework, agriculture would strive to feed the world (Tilman et al. 2011 ), provide better nutrition (Brandt et al. 2011 ), restore ecosystem processes (Drinkwater et al. 1998 ), maintain biodiversity (Perfecto et al. 2009 ), adapt to climate change…”
BackgroundEffect of Organic and Conventional Production on the Quality of Lemon “Fino 49”
Sánchez‐Bravo, P., Noguera‐Artiaga, L., Martínez‐Tomé, J., Hernández, F., & Sendra, E. (2022) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy12050980 · Cited by 18
Food Quality and Possible Positive Health Effects of Organic Products
Lairon, D., & Huber, M. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7927-3_16 · Cited by 18
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“Organic agronomic systems compared to the conventional, more intensive practices, are often reported to provide crops richer in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and carotenoids [21–23], which is known to be associated with a lower nitrogen availability as well as natural defense mechanisms of plants in the orga…”
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“Studies of organic-conventional comparison (Amodio et al., 2007; Brandt et al., 2011; Jin et al., 2011; Oliveira et al., 2013) reported VitC content significantly higher in the organic systems compared with the conventional ones.”
BackgroundOrganic Agricultural Production: Plants
Wachter, J. M., & Reganold, J. P. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52512-3.00159-5 · Cited by 15
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“(carbohydrates, protein and fat) and primary metabolites, and has been reviewed extensively [11, 17, 23–26]; some”
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“, 2014), with particularly higher levels of defencerelated secondary metabolites (Brandt et al., 2011).”
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Василева, Е., Иванова, Д., Типова, Н., & Stefanov, S. (2018) · Organic Agriculture · doi:10.1007/s13165-018-0211-4 · Cited by 13
“…,̂ 1700 Sofia, Bulgaria e-mail: elkav@unwe.bg published (Barański et al. 2014; Benbrook et al. 2008; Bourn and Prescott 2002; Brandt and Mølgaard 2001; Brandt et al. 2011; Dangour et al. 2009; Gueguen and Pascal 2010; Magkos et al. 2006; Rembialkowska 2007; Smith-Spangler et al. 2012;…”
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Effect of Agroecological Conditions on Biologically Active Compounds and Metabolome in Carrot
Koudela, M., Schulzová, V., Krmela, A., Chmelařová, H., Hajšlová, J., & Novotný, Č. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10040784 · Cited by 12
“In contrast, comparative studies suggest a rather nonsignificant effect of the cultivation system on the carotene levels [5,20,65,66].”
ResultOverall Quality of “Early” Potato Tubers as Affected by Organic Cultivation
Ierna, A., Parisi, B., & Melilli, M. G. (2022) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy12020296 · Cited by 12
Effects of Agricultural Intensification on Mediterranean Diets: A Narrative Review
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“…management practices (e.g., monoculture/short crop rotations; long indoor production periods for livestock) widely used in conventional systems [4,23–33]; • Food composition data from before and after agricultural intensification [10–13]; The composition of foods from crop varieties or livestock…”
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“Bacteria on meat from organic poultry farms were shown to have lower antibiotic resistance compared to Conventional farms for Campylobacter [36], E. coli [11], and Salmonella.”
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“Brandt et al. (2011) also stated that the content of secondary metabolites in organic produce was 12% higher than that of the conventional samples.”
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“We did not monitor phytochemicals other than phenolics, mainly because 1) the effects of food type reported were relatively low (on average 10% higher concentrations in organic than conventional crops) (17, 18, 25) and 2) the effects of diet on the intake of these phytochemicals are already well documented (1–4).”
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“[29], the plants managed by organic practices have necessarily to cope more frequently with pathogens, and accordingly accumulate more defence-related compounds than conventionally produced tubers.”
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“Brandt et al. showed that secondary metabolites and vitamin C in organic produce were 16% higher for defense-related compounds and 6% higher for vitamin C (Brandt et al. 2011, pp. 177-197).”
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“Consequently, recent comparative studies of various cultivation systems report lower levels of pesticide residues and nitrates in crops, mycotoxins in cereals, and increased concentrations of certain useful secondary metabolites in organically produced fruits and vegetables (Lairon, 2009; Brandt et al., 2011).”
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“Brandt et al. (2011) found higher levels of vitamin C in organic vegetables compared with conventional crops.”
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Chemical Composition of Organic Food Products
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Are Organic Foods Safer or Healthier?
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“A further meta-analysis reported increased concentrations of secondary metabolites and vitamin C in organically produced fruits and vegetables (Brandt et al. 2011).”
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“However, valuable regarding that this reflects the differences amongst production methods used commercially [45].”
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Sustainable farming practices: nurturing the future of functional foods
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Breeding Approaches for Sustainable Vegetable Production – A Review
Tamilselvi, N. A., & Arumugam, T. (2017) · International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences · doi:10.20546/ijcmas.2017.611.336 · Cited by 4
Palates link soil and plants with herbivores and humans
Provenza, F. D. (2018) · Animal Production Science · doi:10.1071/an17760 · Cited by 4
Chemical Composition of Organic Food Products
Paoletti, F. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-36605-5_23 · Cited by 4
Yield of different pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima Duch.) populations in an organic production system
Poštić, D., Štrbanović, R., Stanojković-Sebić, A., Tabaković, M., Đurić, N., Jovanović, S., & Stanisavljević, R. (2018) · Journal on Processing and Energy in Agriculture · doi:10.5937/jpea1801031p · Cited by 4
“Consequently, recent comparative studies of various cultivation systems report lower levels of pesticide residues and nitrates in crops, mycotoxins in cereals, and increased concentrations of certain useful secondary metabolites in organically produced fruits and vegetables (Lairon, 2009; Brandt et al., 2011).”
BackgroundOn-farm composting systems for regenerative agriculture. A review
Cooper, J., Mackintosh, I., & Willoughby, C. (2026) · Next research. · doi:10.1016/j.nexres.2026.101475 · Cited by 3
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Ibáñez, F., & Mujica, M. V. (2023) · Current Food Science and Technology Reports · doi:10.1007/s43555-023-00014-4 · Cited by 3
Kupiec, J. (2018) · Polish Journal of Environmental Studies · doi:10.15244/pjoes/80821 · Cited by 3
“When properly managed, agro-ecosystems can improve the biological properties and composition of plant products [24].”
BackgroundImpact of organic food and organic agriculture on human health and ecosystem
Das, S. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99145-2.00006-9 · Cited by 3
A Tale of Two Strawberries: Conventional and Organic Open-Field Production in California
Chiu, L. J. V., & Gomez, M. I. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151914363 · Cited by 3
“A meta-analysis assessing the nutritional content of organic fruits and vegetables found that on average, organic fruits and vegetables are reported to have a higher nutritional content [6].”
Desjardins, Y. (2016) · Acta Horticulturae · doi:10.17660/actahortic.2016.1137.27 · Cited by 3
Kjellenberg, L., & Granstedt, A. (2015) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods4030440 · Cited by 3
“The results presented here indicate that the conventional farming system provides us with crops of higher yield but lower quality in comparison with crops from the biodynamic system, whereas the measurement of yield is simple, and it is commonly accepted that there are different opinions concerning what is meant by hi…”
BackgroundAn Organic-Based Food System: A Voyage Back and Forward in Time
Kaufman, M. M. (2020) · Estuaries of the world · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45481-4_19 · Cited by 3
Organic plant products are of more improved chemical composition than conventional ones
Golijan, J., & Sečanski, M. (2021) · Food and Feed Research · doi:10.5937/ffr0-30907 · Cited by 10
“Brandt et al. (2011) Many organic and conventional crops Secondary metabolites, carotene Organic samples had 12% more secondary metabolites than conventional samples.”
BackgroundOrganic Farming: A Sustainable Agricultural System
Das, S. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90386-8.00088-7 · Cited by 5
Coelho, D. V. B. S. D. A., Vieira, M. D. C., Zárate, N. A. H., Carnevali, T. D. O., Cardoso, C. A. L., & Carnevali, N. H. D. S. (2023) · Revista CERES · doi:10.1590/0034-737x202370030007 · Cited by 2
“…as: reduction in leaching of nitrates and phosphorus, reduction of green-house gas emissions (Van Huylenbroek et al. , 2009), increased levels of vitamin C, β-carotene and riboflavone (Ismail & Sook, 2003) and increased levels of carotenoids, anthocyanins and tocopherols (Brandt et al. , 2011).”
BackgroundChallenges for the European research in organic fruit production
Malusà, E., & Neri, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Horticulture · doi:10.3389/fhort.2023.1225780 · Cited by 2
Pradhan, A., & Srijaya, M. (2024) · Organic Agriculture · doi:10.1007/s13165-024-00475-4 · Cited by 2
“…high antioxidant activity of organic fruits has been attributed to the farming practices employed in organic agriculture which induce plants to produce natural protective compounds, such as phytochemicals and carotenoids increasing their antioxidant activity (Brandt et al. 2011; Lima et al. 2017).”
Montemurro, F., Diacono, M., Fiore, A., Bontempo, L., Roncone, A., Amenta, M., Ballistreri, G., Timpanaro, N., Torrisi, B., & Fabroni, S. (2025) · Horticulturae · doi:10.3390/horticulturae11030329 · Cited by 2
Horticultural ecological crops in Poland – the dynamics of changes and perspectives for development
Zydlik, P., & Zydlik, Z. (2016) · Nauka Przyroda Technologie. Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu · doi:10.17306/j.npt.2016.2.25 · Cited by 2
Organic food and human health - a review
Średnicka-Tober, D., Kazimierczak, R., & Rembiałkowska, E. (2015) · Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering · Cited by 2
Otieno, P. C., Nyalala, S., & Wolukau, J. N. (2020) · NASS Journal of Agricultural Sciences · doi:10.36956/njas.v2i2.117 · Cited by 2
“An increase in tomato phenolic content was observed after organic amendment, biosolids, was added to the substrate([7]).”
BackgroundFuturistic Agriculture (Organic Farming) in India: A Review
Pavani, P., Kumar, P. A. D., & Bharath, U. (2022) · Acta Scientific Agriculture · doi:10.31080/asag.2022.06.1157 · Cited by 2
Zimmerman, E., Gachigi, K. K., Rodgers, R. F., Watkins, D. J., Woodbury, M., Cordero, J. F., Alshawabkeh, A. N., Meeker, J. D., Huerta-Montañez, G., Pabón, Z. Y. R., et al. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14224922 · Cited by 2
Pereira, R. C., & de Angelis‐Pereira, M. C. (2022) · Cadernos de Ciência & Tecnologia · doi:10.35977/0104-1096.cct2022.v39.27072 · Cited by 4
Olguín-Hernández, Z., Zafra‐Rojas, Q. Y., Cruz‐Cansino, N. D. S., Ariza‐Ortega, J. A., Añorve‐Morga, J., Ojeda-Ramírez, D., Falfán‐Cortés, R. N., Arias‐Rico, J., & Ramírez‐Moreno, E. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15065117 · Cited by 2
Pradhan, A., & Srijaya, M. (2024) · Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation/Advances in science, technology & innovation · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-51647-4_11 · Cited by 2
Baker, B. P., Cooley, D. R., Futrell, S., Garling, L., Gershuny, G., Green, T. A., Moyer, J., Rajotte, E. G., Seaman, A., & Young, S. L. (2015) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.1.3616.8085 · Cited by 2
Organic Farming Systems: Navigating the Path to Resilience and Food Security
Mrabet, R., & Behnassi, M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-89167-0_2 · Cited by 1
Šušnjar, A., Polak, T., Živković, A., Lazić, S. D., Vuković, S., Mitrić, S., Guljaš, D., Bošković, D., Ećimović, J., & Šunjka, D. (2025) · Horticultural Science · doi:10.17221/231/2024-hortsci · Cited by 1
Nutrición con visión de salud planetaria: estrategias para atención primaria
Izquierdo, P. B., Vidal, M. R., Arroyo, V. R., & Díez, E. R. (2026) · Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2025.103379 · Cited by 1
Doses de composto orgânico e sua influência na manutenção da qualidade de tomates
Nassur, R. D. C. M. R., Boas, E. V. D. B. V., & Resende, F. V. (2015) · Revista de Ciências Agrarias - Amazon Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences · doi:10.4322/rca.1865 · Cited by 1
“De acordo com Brandt et al. (2011), fertilizantes nitrogenados tendem a reduzir teores de vitamina C em algumas frutas e hortaliças, e alguns compostos ligados ao metabolismo secundário dessas plantas podem não sofrer tal efeito, como os carotenoides.”
BackgroundEvaluation of organic versus conventional nutrient management practices in fruit crops
Gąstoł, M. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818732-6.00038-1 · Cited by 1
Owusu-Apenten, R., & Vieira, E. R. (2022) · Food science text series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-65433-7_4 · Cited by 2
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Metadata
- Authors
- Brandt, K., Leifert, C., Sanderson, R., & Seal, C. J.
- Affiliations
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Venue
- Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-01
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 177-197
- ISSN
- 0735-2689 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-7836
- OpenAlex
- W2141937908
- Semantic Scholar
- 2813c295572d2bb84716e65514956c99d57c8230
- Cited by
- 253
- References
- 162
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 20.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
- European Commission
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Organic Food and Agriculture
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Plant Growth and Agriculture Techniques
- Keywords
- organic farming, conventional farming, organic fruits and vegetables, secondary metabolites, carotenoids, vitamin C, plant nutrition, nitrogen fertilization, plant defense compounds, cancer risk, cardiovascular disease, life expectancy, agroecosystem management
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