Cited by 320Social Robot Interaction and HRIVirtual Reality Applications and ImpactsDigital Games and Media

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 93 of the 94 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Avatars Versus Agents: A Meta-Analysis Quantifying the Effect of Agency on Social Influence

Fox, Jesse, Ahn, Sun Joo (Grace), Janssen, Joris H., Yeykelis, Leo, Segovia, Kathryn Y., Bailenson, Jeremy N.·2015·Human–Computer Interaction

DOI 10.1080/07370024.2014.921494

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Existing research has investigated whether virtual representations perceived to be controlled by humans (i.e., avatars) or those perceived to be controlled by computer algorithms (i.e., agents) are more influential. A meta-analysis (N = 32) examined the model of social influence in virtual environments (Blascovich, 2002) and investigated whether agents and avatars in virtual environments elicit different levels of social influence. Results indicated that perceived avatars produced stronger responses than perceived agents. Level of immersion (desktop vs. fully immersive), dependent variable type (subjective vs. objective), task type (competitive vs. cooperative vs. neutral), and actual control of the representation (human vs. computer) were examined as moderators. An interaction effect revealed that studies conducted on a desktop that used objective measures showed a stronger effect for agency than those that were conducted on a desktop but used subjective measures. Competitive and cooperative tasks showed greater agency effects than neutral tasks. Studies in which both conditions were actually human controlled showed greater agency effects than studies in which both conditions were actually computer controlled. We discuss theoretical and design implications for human–computer interaction and computer-mediated communication.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/07370024.2014.921494

Cites

93 of 93 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The psychology of interpersonal relations
Heider, F. (1958) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2089062 · Cited by 17,189
The psychology of interpersonal relations.
Heider, F. (1958) · doi:10.1037/10628-000 · Cited by 13,457
An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199269464.003.0005 · Cited by 12,701
The Social psychology of intergroup relations
Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,577
The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-3702 · Cited by 4,872
Handbook of social psychology
(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-3182 · Cited by 4,740
Machines and Mindlessness: Social Responses to Computers
Nass, C., & Moon, Y. (2000) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00153 · Cited by 4,022
At the Heart of It All: The Concept of Presence
Lombard, M., & Ditton, T. B. (2006) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00072.x · Cited by 4,021
Influence : science and practice
Cialdini, R. B. (1985) · Cited by 3,581
Social Facilitation: A solution is suggested for an old unresolved social psychological problem.
Zajonc, R. B. (1965) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.149.3681.269 · Cited by 2,951

Show all 94 references

Research works printed but not linked: 18

Ahn S. J., Framing virtual experiences: Effects on environmental efficacy and behavior over time
10.1177/0146167203029007002 · DOI
10.1007/s10956-009-9180-4 · DOI · Paper page
10.1111/j.1468-2958.2006.00279 · DOI
10.1027/1864-1105.21.3.95 · DOI
Gajadhar B. J., 2008, Proceedings of the FnG 2008 International Conference on Fun and Games
10.1080/15213260701300865 · DOI
10.2307/2746461 · DOI
Merritt T., 2012, Proceedings of the CHI 2012 Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems
Merritt T., 2011, Proceedings of the FDG 2011 International Conference on Foundations of Digital Games
Mori M., 1970, Energy, 7, 33
10.1080/01449290500331156 · DOI
Okita S. Y., 2008, Proceedings of the ICSL 2008 International Conference on International Conference for the Learning Sciences
Ong C., 2012, Proceedings of the CHI 2012 Australian Computer–Human Interaction Conference
10.1080/15213260701301236 · DOI
Segovia K. Y., Virtual first impressions and their persistence in the physical world
Swinth K. R., 2001, Conformity to group norms in an immersive virtual environment
Yee N., 2007, Proceedings of the CHI 2007 Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems

Sorted by citations

Human trust in artificial intelligence: Review of empirical research
Glikson, E., & Woolley, A. W. (2020) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2018.0057 · Cited by 2,921
A Systematic Review of Social Presence: Definition, Antecedents, and Implications
Oh, C. S., Bailenson, J. N., & Welch, G. F. (2018) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2018.00114 · Cited by 1,032
Self-citation
Actor engagement as a microfoundation for value co-creation
Storbacka, K., Brodie, R. J., Böhmann, T., Maglio, P. P., & Nenonen, S. (2016) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.02.034 · Cited by 851
An Emerging Theory of Avatar Marketing
Miao, F., Kozlenkova, I. V., Wang, H., Xie, T., & Palmatier, R. W. (2022) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/0022242921996646 · Cited by 688
Psychological, Relational, and Emotional Effects of Self-Disclosure After Conversations With a Chatbot
Ho, A., Hancock, J., & Miner, A. S. (2018) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1093/joc/jqy026 · Cited by 629
“Previous work has found that the mere perceived identity of the partner as computer or human has profound effects, even when actual identity does not (Fox et al., 2015; Lucas, Gratch, King, & Morency, 2014).”
Background
Building a Stronger CASA: Extending the Computers Are Social Actors Paradigm
Gambino, A., Fox, J., & Ratan, R. (2020) · Human-Machine Communication · doi:10.30658/hmc.1.5 · Cited by 626
“Additionally, considerable evidence suggests that humans perceive media agents differently from how they perceive humans (e.g., Blascovich et al., 2002; Fox et al., 2015; Krämer et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Almost human: Anthropomorphism increases trust resilience in cognitive agents.
de Visser, E. J., Monfort, S. S., McKendrick, R., Smith, M. A. B., McKnight, P. E., Krueger, F., & Parasuraman, R. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied · doi:10.1037/xap0000092 · Cited by 614
Parasocial interactions with real and virtual influencers: The role of perceived similarity and human-likeness
Stein, J., Breves, P. L., & Anders, N. (2022) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448221102900 · Cited by 501
How chatbots' social presence communication enhances consumer engagement: the mediating role of parasocial interaction and dialogue
Tsai, W.-H. S., Liu, Y., & Chuan, C.-H. (2021) · Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing · doi:10.1108/jrim-12-2019-0200 · Cited by 394
Avatars and computer-mediated communication: A review of the definitions, uses, and effects of digital representations on communication
Nowak, K. L., & Fox, J. (2018) · Review of Communication Research · doi:10.12840/issn.2255-4165.2018.06.01.015 · Cited by 379
Self-citation
Venturing into the uncanny valley of mind—The influence of mind attribution on the acceptance of human-like characters in a virtual reality setting
Stein, J., & Ohler, P. (2016) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2016.12.010 · Cited by 297
Avatar characteristics induce users’ behavioral conformity with small-to-medium effect sizes: a meta-analysis of the proteus effect
Ratan, R., Beyea, D., Li, B. J., & Graciano, L. (2019) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2019.1623698 · Cited by 285
First- and Third-Person Perspectives in Immersive Virtual Environments: Presence and Performance Analysis of Embodied Users
Gorisse, G., Olivier Christmann, C., Amato, É. A., & Richir, S. (2017) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2017.00033 · Cited by 315
Virtual influencer marketing: the good, the bad and the unreal
Mouritzen, S. L. T., Penttinen, V., & Pedersen, S. (2023) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-12-2022-0915 · Cited by 182
In AI We Trust? Effects of Agency Locus and Transparency on Uncertainty Reduction in Human–AI Interaction
Liu, B. (2021) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmab013 · Cited by 228
Emotional support from a digital assistant in technology-mediated services: Effects on customer satisfaction and behavioral persistence
Gelbrich, K., Hagel, J., & Orsingher, C. (2020) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2020.06.004 · Cited by 226
Social Interaction With Agents and Avatars in Immersive Virtual Environments: A Survey
Kyrlitsias, C., & Michael‐Grigoriou, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2021.786665 · Cited by 251
A Systematic Review of Virtual Influencers: Similarities and Differences between Human and Virtual Influencers in Interactive Advertising
Byun, K. J., & Ahn, S. J. (2023) · Journal of Interactive Advertising · doi:10.1080/15252019.2023.2236102 · Cited by 215
Self-citation
I, chatbot! the impact of anthropomorphism and gaze direction on willingness to disclose personal information and behavioral intentions
Pizzi, G., Vannucci, V., Mazzoli, V., & Donvito, R. (2023) · Psychology & Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21813 · Cited by 194
Demystifying Computer-Generated Imagery (CGI) Influencers: The Effect of Perceived Anthropomorphism and Social Presence on Brand Outcomes
Ahn, R. J., Cho, S. Y., & Tsai, W. S. (2022) · Journal of Interactive Advertising · doi:10.1080/15252019.2022.2111242 · Cited by 173
Trust in an AI versus a Human teammate: The effects of teammate identity and performance on Human-AI cooperation
Zhang, G., Chong, L., Kotovsky, K., & Cagan, J. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107536 · Cited by 173
Let the Avatar Brighten Your Smile: Effects of Enhancing Facial Expressions in Virtual Environments
Oh, S. Y., Bailenson, J. N., Krämer, N. C., & Li, B. J. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161794 · Cited by 157
Self-citation
Human-Centered Interaction in Virtual Worlds: A New Era of Generative Artificial Intelligence and Metaverse
Wang, Y., Wang, L., & Siau, K. L. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2316376 · Cited by 163
Avatars in live streaming commerce: The influence of anthropomorphism on consumers' willingness to accept virtual live streamers
Chen, H., Shao, B., Yang, X., Kang, W., & Fan, W. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108216 · Cited by 146
Better, Virtually: the Past, Present, and Future of Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Lindner, P. (2021) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-020-00090-7 · Cited by 120
“In terms of research, studies on social presence experienced with both avatars and agents (Fox et al. 2015) have a long and extensive history, with a recent systematic review identifying k = 152 studies investigating different factors of importance (Oh et al. 2018).”
Background
The impact of self-avatars on trust and collaboration in shared virtual environments
Pan, Y., & Steed, A. J. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189078 · Cited by 114
A Little Anthropomorphism Goes a Long Way
de Visser, E. J., Monfort, S. S., Goodyear, K., Lu, L., O’Hara, M., Lee, M. R., Parasuraman, R., & Krüeger, F. (2017) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720816687205 · Cited by 118
Human versus chatbot: Understanding the role of emotion in health marketing communication for vaccines
Tsai, W. S., Lun, D., Carcioppolo, N., & Chuan, C. (2021) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21556 · Cited by 130
The future of interpersonal skills development: Immersive virtual reality training with virtual humans
Mast, M. S., Kleinlogel, E. P., Tur, B., & Bachmann, M. (2018) · Human Resource Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/hrdq.21307 · Cited by 123
How should intelligent agents apologize to restore trust? Interaction effects between anthropomorphism and apology attribution on trust repair
Kim, T., & Song, H. (2021) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2021.101595 · Cited by 101
The effects of appearance and motion of virtual characters on emotional reactivity
Mousas, C., Anastasiou, D., & Spantidi, O. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.036 · Cited by 100
Effect of Behavioral Realism on Social Interactions Inside Collaborative Virtual Environments
Herrera, F., Oh, S. Y., & Bailenson, J. N. (2018) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/pres_a_00324 · Cited by 100
Self-citation
Micro-teaching 2.0: Technology as the classroom
Ledger, S., & Fischetti, J. (2019) · Australasian Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.14742/ajet.4561 · Cited by 135
Collaborative generative learning activities in immersive virtual reality increase learning
Petersen, G. B., Stenberdt, V. A., Mayer, R. E., & Makransky, G. (2023) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104931 · Cited by 128
A Framework for Using Hypothesis-Driven Approaches to Support Data-Driven Learning Analytics in Measuring Computational Thinking in Block-Based Programming Environments
Grover, S., Basu, S., Bienkowski, M., Eagle, M., Diana, N., & Stamper, J. (2017) · ACM Transactions on Computing Education · doi:10.1145/3105910 · Cited by 93
Persuasive avatars: The effects of customizing a virtual salesperson׳s appearance on brand liking and purchase intentions
Hanus, M. D., & Fox, J. (2015) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2015.07.004 · Cited by 97
Self-citation
Ascribing consciousness to artificial intelligence: human-AI interaction and its carry-over effects on human-human interaction
Guingrich, R. E., & Graziano, M. S. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1322781 · Cited by 87
Human–virtual character interaction: Toward understanding the influence of haptic feedback
Krogmeier, C., Mousas, C., & Whittinghill, D. (2019) · Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds · doi:10.1002/cav.1883 · Cited by 83
AI, you can drive my car: How we evaluate human drivers vs. self-driving cars
Hong, J.-W., Cruz, I., & Williams, D. C. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106944 · Cited by 84
A Human Touch: Social Touch Increases the Perceived Human-likeness of Agents in Virtual Reality
Hoppe, M., Rossmy, B., Neumann, D. P., Streuber, S., Schmidt, A., & Machulla, T. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376719 · Cited by 74
Impact of avatar facial anthropomorphism on body ownership, attractiveness and social presence in collaborative tasks in immersive virtual environments
Dubosc, C., Gorisse, G., Olivier Christmann, C., Fleury, S., Poinsot, K., & Richir, S. (2021) · Computers & Graphics · doi:10.1016/j.cag.2021.08.011 · Cited by 81
Pedagogical Agents in Educational VR: An in the Wild Study
Petersen, G. B., Mottelson, A., & Makransky, G. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445760 · Cited by 83
Virtual reality experiments in economics
Innocenti, A. (2017) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2017.06.001 · Cited by 81
Can extended reality in the metaverse revolutionise health communication?
Plechatá, A., Makransky, G., & BOHM, R. M. (2022) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-022-00682-x · Cited by 71
Effects of virtual agent and object representation on experiencing exhibited artifacts
Schmidt, S., Bruder, G., & Steinicke, F. (2019) · Computers & Graphics · doi:10.1016/j.cag.2019.06.002 · Cited by 66
Avatar effect of AI ‐enabled virtual streamers on consumer purchase intention in e‐commerce livestreaming
Sun, L., & Tang, Y. (2024) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.2389 · Cited by 68
Investigating Social Presence and Communication with Embodied Avatars in Room-Scale Virtual Reality
Greenwald, S. W., Wang, Z., Funk, M., & Maes, P. (2017) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60633-0_7 · Cited by 62
Extended Reality for the Clinical, Affective, and Social Neurosciences
Parsons, T. D., Gaggioli, A., & Riva, G. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10120922 · Cited by 63
Avatars and Embodied Agents in Experimental Information Systems Research: A Systematic Review and Conceptual Framework
Aljaroodi, H. M., Adam, M. T. P., Chiong, R., & Teubner, T. (2019) · AJIS. Australasian journal of information systems/AJIS. Australian journal of information systems/Australian journal of information systems · doi:10.3127/ajis.v23i0.1841 · Cited by 61
When Do We Accept Mistakes from Chatbots? The Impact of Human-Like Communication on User Experience in Chatbots That Make Mistakes
Siqueira, M. A. D. S., Müller, B. C. N., & Bosse, T. (2023) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2023.2175158 · Cited by 62
Interaction matters: A perceived social partner alters the neural processing of human speech
Warnell, K. R., & Redcay, E. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.041 · Cited by 57
On m-Commerce Adoption and Augmented Reality: A Study on Apparel Buying Using m-Commerce in Indian Context
Manchanda, M., & Deb, M. (2020) · Journal of Internet Commerce · doi:10.1080/15332861.2020.1863023 · Cited by 56
The effects of gender and personality of robot assistants on customers’ acceptance of their service
Forgas‐Coll, S., Huertas-García, R., Andriella, A., & Alenyà, G. (2022) · Service Business · doi:10.1007/s11628-022-00492-x · Cited by 49
Exploring the effects of observed physicality conflicts on real-virtual human interaction in augmented reality
Kim, K., Bruder, G., & Welch, G. (2017) · ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology (VRST) · doi:10.1145/3139131.3139151 · Cited by 47
Virtual and real-life ostracism and its impact on a subsequent acute stressor
Kothgassner, O. D., Goreis, A., Glenk, L. M., Kafka, J. X., Beutl, L., Kryspin‐Exner, I., Hlavacs, H., Palme, R., & Felnhofer, A. (2020) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113205 · Cited by 43
Exploring the Alignment Space – Lexical and Gestural Alignment with Real and Virtual Humans
Bergmann, K., Branigan, H. P., & Kopp, S. (2015) · Frontiers in ICT · doi:10.3389/fict.2015.00007 · Cited by 42
User Experience in Collaborative Extended Reality: Overview Study
Nguyen, H. N., & Bednarz, T. P. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62655-6_3 · Cited by 49
Mobile health interventions: exploring the use of common relationship factors
Grekin, E. R., Beatty, J. R., & Ondersma, S. J. (2019) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/11245 · Cited by 42
Social Effects of Virtual and Robot Companions
Krämer, N. C., Pütten, A. M. R.-V. D., & Hoffmann, L. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118426456.ch6 · Cited by 42
Human–AI communication in initial encounters: How AI agency affects trust, liking, and chat quality evaluation
Pan, W., Liu, D., Meng, J., & Liu, H. (2024) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448241259149 · Cited by 47
The Hitchhiker’s Guide to a Credible and Socially Present Robot: Two Meta-Analyses of the Power of Social Cues in Human–Robot Interaction
Xu, K., Chen, M., & You, L. (2023) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-022-00961-3 · Cited by 40
VALID: a perceptually validated Virtual Avatar Library for Inclusion and Diversity
Do, T. D., Zelenty, S., González-Franco, M., & McMahan, R. P. (2023) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2023.1248915 · Cited by 49
Persuaded by the machine: The effect of virtual nonverbal cues and individual differences on compliance in economic bargaining
Harjunen, V. J., Spapé, M., Ahmed, I., Jacucci, G., & Ravaja, N. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.06.012 · Cited by 40
AllTogether: Effect of Avatars in Mixed-Modality Conferencing Environments
Panda, P., Nicholas, M. J., González-Franco, M., Inkpen, K. M., Ofek, E., Cutler, R., Hinckley, K., & Lanier, J. (2022) · Annual Symposium on Human-Computer Interaction for Work (CHIWORK) · doi:10.1145/3533406.3539658 · Cited by 38
Designing Ethical Online Dispute Resolution Systems: The Rise of the Fourth Party
Wing, L., Martinez, J. K., Katsh, E., & Rule, C. (2021) · Negotiation Journal · doi:10.1111/nejo.12350 · Cited by 43
Mixed Reality Tabletop Gameplay: Social Interaction With a Virtual Human Capable of Physical Influence
Lee, M., Norouzi, N., Bruder, G., Wiśniewski, P., & Welch, G. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2019.2959575 · Cited by 35
Emotional contagion in online groups as a function of valence and status
Kane, A. A., Swol, L. M. V., & Sarmiento-Lawrence, I. G. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107543 · Cited by 37
What you say vs what you do: Utilizing positive emotional expressions to relay AI teammate intent within human–AI teams
Mallick, R., Flathmann, C., Duan, W., Schelble, B. G., & McNeese, N. J. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2024.103355 · Cited by 37
Embodied Virtual Patients as a Simulation-Based Framework for Training Clinician-Patient Communication Skills: An Overview of Their Use in Psychiatric and Geriatric Care
Chaby, L., Benamara, A., Pino, M., Prigent, E., Ravenet, B., Martin, J., Vanderstichel, H., Becerril-Ortega, R., Rigaud, A., & Chétouani, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2022.827312 · Cited by 36
Group Decision-Making in Multi-User Immersive Virtual Reality
Moser, I., Chiquet, S., Strahm, S. K., Mast, F. W., & Bergamin, P. B. (2020) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2020.0065 · Cited by 33
A Systematic Review on Extended Reality-Mediated Multi-User Social Engagement
Wang, Y., Gong, D., Xiao, R., Wu, X., & Zhang, H. (2024) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems12100396 · Cited by 38
Grumpy & Pinocchio: Answering Human-Agent Negotiation Questions through Realistic Agent Design
Mell, J., & Gratch, J. S. (2017) · Adaptive Agents and Multi-Agents Systems · doi:10.5555/3091125.3091186 · Cited by 31
Virtual Influencers: The Effects of Controlling Entity, Appearance Realism and Product Type on Advertising Effect
Zhang, L., & Ren, J. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-05014-5_25 · Cited by 33
Buildings with persona: Towards effective building-occupant communication
Khashe, S., Lucas, G., Becerik-Gerber, B., & Gratch, J. S. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.05.040 · Cited by 34
Perceived authenticity of virtual characters makes the difference
Huang, J., & Jung, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2022.1033709 · Cited by 36
Improving Humanization through Metaverse-Related Technologies: A Systematic Review
Moreno, M. G., Andrade-Pino, P., Monfort-Vinuesa, C., Mesa, A. P., & Rincón, E. (2023) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics12071727 · Cited by 33
The physical-virtual table
Lee, M., Norouzi, N., Bruder, G., Wiśniewski, P., & Welch, G. (2018) · ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology (VRST) · doi:10.1145/3281505.3281533 · Cited by 29
A Virtual Character’s Agency Affects Social Responses in Immersive Virtual Reality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Felnhofer, A., Knaust, T., Weiss, L., Goinska, K., Mayer, A., & Kothgassner, O. (2023) · International journal of human computer interactions · doi:10.1080/10447318.2023.2209979 · Cited by 27
A Quantitative Measurement Model for Persuasive Technologies Using Storytelling via a Virtual Narrator
Faddoul, G., & Chatterjee, S. (2020) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2020.1768670 · Cited by 28
Speech production under uncertainty: how do job applicants experience and communicate with an AI interviewer?
Liu, B., Wei, L., Wu, M., & Luo, T. (2023) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmad028 · Cited by 31
From Virtual Trainers to Companions? Examining How Digital Agency Types, Anthropomorphism, and Support Shape Para‐Social Relationships in Online Fitness
Feng, Y., Meng, J., & Cheah, J. (2024) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.22154 · Cited by 27
First impressions of a financial AI assistant: differences between high trust and low trust users
Schreibelmayr, S., Moradbakhti, L., & Mara, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2023.1241290 · Cited by 33
Justice behind the virtual mask: The influence of race of the virtual influencer and the creator on promoting the Black Lives Matter movement
Hong, J.-W., Cruz, I., & Kim, D.-G. (2024) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448241262806 · Cited by 26
Repeat after me: Using mixed reality humans to influence best communication practices
Cordar, A., Wendling, A. L., White, C. B., Lampotang, S., & Lok, B. C. L. (2017) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR) · doi:10.1109/vr.2017.7892242 · Cited by 26
Pardon the rude robot: Social cues diminish reactance to high controlling language
Ghazali, A. S., Ham, J. R. C., Barakova, E. I., & Markopoulos, P. (2017) · IEEE RO-MAN · doi:10.1109/roman.2017.8172335 · Cited by 26
The Interactive Self – A Review on Simulating Social Interactions to Understand the Mechanisms of Social Agency
Brandi, M., Kaifel, D., Bolis, D., & Schilbach, L. (2019) · i-com · doi:10.1515/icom-2018-0018 · Cited by 27
An Evaluation of Visual Embodiment for Voice Assistants on Smart Displays
Bonfert, M., Zargham, N., Saade, F., Porzel, R., & Malaka, R. (2021) · ACM Conference on Conversational User Interfaces (CUI) · doi:10.1145/3469595.3469611 · Cited by 27
14 Years of Self-Tracking Technology for mHealth—Literature Review: Lessons Learned and the PAST SELF Framework
Yfantidou, S., Sermpezis, P., & Vakali, A. I. (2023) · ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare · doi:10.1145/3592621 · Cited by 36
Understanding the Influence Discrepancy Between Human and Artificial Agent in Advice Interactions: The Role of Stereotypical Perception of Agency
Liao, W., Oh, Y. J., Feng, B., & Zhang, J. (2023) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/00936502221138427 · Cited by 25
Left Them 4 Dead
Wehbe, R. R., Lank, E., & Nacke, L. E. (2017) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3064663.3064712 · Cited by 24
Innovation Diffusion of Mobile Applications in Social Networks: A Multi-Agent System
Zhou, L., Jie, L., Li, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12072884 · Cited by 23
Decoding Trust in Artificial Intelligence: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Measures and Related Variables
Aquilino, L., Dio, C. D., Manzi, F., Massaro, D., Bisconti, P., & Marchetti, A. (2025) · Informatics · doi:10.3390/informatics12030070 · Cited by 33
Social Reactions to Socially Interactive Agents and Their Ethical Implications
Krämer, N. C., & Manzeschke, A. (2021) · ACM eBooks · doi:10.1145/3477322.3477326 · Cited by 22
Pipetting in virtual reality can predict real-life pipetting performance.
Petersen, G. B., Klingenberg, S., & Makransky, G. (2022) · Technology Mind and Behavior · doi:10.1037/tmb0000076 · Cited by 25
Collaborating with my Doppelgänger
Guo, S., Choi, M., Kao, D., & Mousas, C. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques · doi:10.1145/3651288 · Cited by 22
The Impact of Agency and Familiarity in Cooperative Multiplayer Games
Vella, K., Koren, C. J., & Johnson, D. M. (2017) · Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play · doi:10.1145/3116595.3116622 · Cited by 22
Embodiment, Situatedness, and Morphology for Humanoid Robots Interacting with People
Miller, B., & Feil-Seifer, D. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7194-9_130-1 · Cited by 21
Character identification is predicted by narrative transportation, immersive tendencies, and interactivity
Felnhofer, A., Wittmann, L., Reichmann, A., König-Teshnizi, D., & Kothgassner, O. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03048-4 · Cited by 21
Evaluating Virtual Human Role-Players for the Practice and Development of Leadership Skills
Suárez, G., Jung, S., & Lindeman, R. W. (2021) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2021.658561 · Cited by 20
Does the Personality of Consumers Influence the Assessment of the Experience of Interaction with Social Robots?
Forgas‐Coll, S., Huertas-García, R., Andriella, A., & Alenyà, G. (2022) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-022-00935-5 · Cited by 20

Authors: Fox, J., Ahn, S. J. (., Janssen, J. H., Yeykelis, L., Segovia, K. Y., & Bailenson, J. N.
Affiliations: The Ohio State University (US)
University of Georgia (US)
Eindhoven University of Technology (NL)
Stanford University (US)
ORCID: Fox, Jesse
Ahn, Sun Joo (Grace)
Janssen, Joris H.
Bailenson, Jeremy N.
Venue: Human–Computer Interaction
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2014-05-12
Volume: 30
Issue: 5
Pages: 401-432
ISSN: 0737-0024 (ISSN-L)
1532-7051
DOI: 10.1080/07370024.2014.921494
OpenAlex: W1964044925
Cited by: 320
References: 94
Citations by year: 2026: 24 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 1
FWCI: 1.71
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Human-Computer Interaction (publishedVersion)
Funders: NSF (0966838)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Digital Games and Media
Keywords: social influence, avatars, computational agents, perceived agency, virtual worlds, immersion, computer-mediated communication

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Avatars Versus Agents: A Meta-Analysis Quantifying the Effect of Agency on Social Influence

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks