Cited by 327Grief, Bereavement, and Mental HealthDeath, Funerary Practices, and MourningSuicide and Self-Harm Studies

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PREDICTORS OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DISTRESS AFTER SUICIDE, SIDS AND ACCIDENTS

DYREGROV, KARI, NORDANGER, DAG, DYREGROV, ATLE·2003·Death Studies

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Abstract

This article compares the outcome and predictors of psychosocial distress of parents bereaved by young suicides, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and child accidents. One objective is to explore whether suicide bereavement is more difficult for those left behind than other forms of bereavement. Data have been collected from 140 families, consisting of 232 parents, by the use of the Impact of Event Scale, the General Health Questionnaire, and the Inventory of Traumatic Grief. Qualitative aspects of bereavement are assessed by in-depth interviews with family members from 40 families. The results show that the similarities between the samples on outcome and predictors are more striking than the differences, which is explained by the common traumatic aspect of unexpected and violent deaths. One and a half years post-loss, 57-78% of the survivors scored above the cut-off levels for traumatic grief reactions. Although no significant differences are found between survivors of suicide and accidents, both groups evidence significantly greater subjective distress than the survivors of SIDS. Self-isolation is by far the best predictor of psychosocial distress in all three samples. Rather than focusing on the exceptional position of suicide survivors, it seems important to call attention to sudden and traumatic death in general as a factor to be associated with post-traumatic reactions and complicated mourning.

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Method
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Background
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“…mentionnent que les similitudes entre le deuil à la suite d’un suicide et les autres types de deuil sont plus nombreuses que les différences (Dyregrov et al ., 2003 ; Lohan et Murphy, 2002 ; Murphy, 2000 ; Murphy et al ., 1999 ; Murphy, 1996 ; Nelson et Frantz, 1996 ; Wagner et Calhoun,…”
Background
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Padoan, C., Garcia, L. F., Crespo, K. C., Longaray, V. K., Martini, M., Contessa, J., Kapczinski, F., de Oliveira, F. D., Goldim, J., & Magalhães, P. V. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-08729-5 · Cited by 6
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Fitzpatrick, S. J., Gallagher, K., Banfield, M., Gulliver, A., Calear, A. L., Conroy, S., & Batterham, P. J. (2023) · SSM - Qualitative Research in Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmqr.2023.100318 · Cited by 8
Depression among Parents Two to Six Years Following the Loss of a Child by Suicide: A Novel Prediction Model
Nyberg, T., Myrberg, I. H., Omérov, P., Steineck, G., & Nyberg, U. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164091 · Cited by 8
Unfinished business in suicide bereavement: Predicting prolonged grief, PTSD, depression, and guilt
Hofmann, L., Merkl, A., & Wagner, B. (2025) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2025.2525196 · Cited by 6
“Previous studies found prevalence rates up to 51% (Dyregrov et al., 2003), while elevated grief symptoms are associated with more symptoms of PTSD. Complex PTSD has been introduced in ICD-11 to capture trauma responses after an extreme or multiple traumatic events (Maercker et al., 2018).”
Understanding the complexity of suicide loss: PTSD, complex PTSD and prolonged grief disorder following suicide bereavement
Hofmann, L., & Wagner, B. (2024) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2024.2369858 · Cited by 8
“Several studies have already demonstrated a heightened risk for PTSD among individuals bereaved by suicide (Dyregrov et al., 2003; Mitchell & Terhorst, 2017).”
Influential
Suicide of a close family member through the eyes of a child
Jackson, D. W., Peters, K., & Murphy, G. (2014) · Journal of Child Health Care · doi:10.1177/1367493513519297 · Cited by 6
“Using quantitative methods, Dyregrov et al. (2003) found no significant difference in the level of distress experienced by parents bereaved by suicide compared to those bereaved by accidents, although both the aforementioned groups experienced significantly greater distress than survivors of sudden…”
Method
Grief Reactions in the Suicide Bereaved
Iglewicz, A., Tal, I., & Zisook, S. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65241-2_7 · Cited by 6
Grief trajectories among bereaved parents after the 2011 Utøya terror attack: A qualitative analysis
Fjærestad, A., Kristensen, P., Dyregrov, A., & Stige, S. H. (2022) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2022.2135045 · Cited by 6
“For bereaved persons in general the risk of developing complicated grief reactions is 10–15%, but the risk increases to 50–70% for parents who lose a child in a sudden violent death (Djelantik et al., 2020; Dyregrov et al., 2003; Kristensen et al., 2012).”
Background
Loss of a Child during a Pandemic. A Mixed Method Study of Parents’ Experiences of Interference with Rituals and Grief
Dyregrov, A., Kristensen, P., Fjærestad, A., Johnsen, I., Gjestad, R., & Hauken, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2023.2226799 · Cited by 6
“As social support is vital for parents ’ coping over time (K. Dyregrov & Dyregrov, 2008; K. Dyregrov et al., 2003), the lack of or limitation in the number of memorials may interfere with the parents ’ grief.”
Background
Talking through the Dead: The Impact and Interplay of Lived Grief after Suicide
McKay, K., & Tighe, J. (2014) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/om.68.2.b · Cited by 6
Workplace Death at Sea: Chinese Surviving Families’ Experiences of Compensation Claims
Shan, D. (2017) · Relations industrielles · doi:10.7202/1039593ar · Cited by 6
“This farewell plays a therapeutic role to lessen their grief and loss (Dyregrov et al. , 2003; Yang and Chiu, 2015).”
Background
Conceptual and Design Issues in Instrument Development for Research with Bereaved Parents
Briller, S. H., Schim, S. M., Thurston, C. S., & Meert, K. L. (2012) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/om.65.2.e · Cited by 6
Parents Do Not Always Have to Get Their Way: Why Critical Congenital Heart Disease Screening for Newborns Should Be Mandatory
Trafimow, D. (2016) · The American Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.1080/15265161.2015.1115143 · Cited by 6
Reciprocal regulation in social support interactions between bereaved parents and their potential supporters: a qualitative study
Tognela, J. A., Breen, L. J., & Rudaizky, D. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1659628 · Cited by 6
Support in bereavement processes in cases of suicide or substance-related death in childhood: a systematic review
Reime, M. A., Grimholt, T. K., Kjoelaas, S., Bringedal, N., & Hogstad, I. J. (2024) · Mortality · doi:10.1080/13576275.2023.2298814 · Cited by 7
“Research shows that after a ‘special death’ the bereaved often suffer severe psychological and physical health consequences (Dyregrov et al., 2003; Kristensen et al., 2012; Titlestad & Dyregrov, 2022).”
Bereavement support after a drug-related death: Professional perspectives
Reime, M. A., Møgster, B., & Halvorsen, K. (2024) · Bereavement · doi:10.54210/bj.2024.1124 · Cited by 5
Child mortality and parental grief: An evolutionary analysis
Reynolds, T. A., Boutwell, B. B., Shackelford, T. K., Weekes‐Shackelford, V. A., Nedelec, J. L., Beaver, K. M., & Abed, M. G. (2020) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2020.100798 · Cited by 5
“…al., 2012; Stroebe et al., 2013; Wijngaards-de Meij et al., 2008; Youngblut, Brooten, Glaze, Promise, & Yoo, 2017), women’s stronger grief response is not limited to parental grief, but is found across many lost social relationships (e.g., Chen et al., 1999; Dyregrov, Nordanger, & Dyregrov, 2003).”
Background
Hidden costs, hidden lives: Financial effects of fatal work injuries on families
Matthews, L. R., Quinlan, M. G., Jessup, G. M., & Bohle, P. L. (2022) · The Economic and Labour Relations Review · doi:10.1177/10353046221114591 · Cited by 5
“Every year, more than 5000 immediate and extended family members and close friends of Australian workers become survivors of workplace death (Matthews et al., 2012a; Dyregrov et al., 2003).”
Background
Perceived social support and symptoms of prolonged grief after a drug-related death
Reime, M. A., O’Connor, M., Hystad, S. W., & Dyregrov, K. (2024) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2024.2376037 · Cited by 5
“This has also been documented in previous research on those bereaved after unnatural deaths (Dyregrov et al., 2003).”
Influential
Cause of Death and Guilt in Bereavement: The Role of Emotional Regulation and Kinship
Camacho, D., Nieto, M. Á. P., & León, F. G. (2018) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2018.1485277 · Cited by 8
Assessing the impact of factors on parental grief among older Chinese parents
Zheng, Y., & Wuest, L. (2019) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2019.1616854 · Cited by 5
Suicide as situation of extreme stress for immediate surrounding
Borisonik, E. V. (2020) · Journal of Modern Foreign Psychology · doi:10.17759/jmfp.2020090106 · Cited by 5
Bereavement among Israeli parents who lost children in military service: Protective factors for coping with loss
Schiff, M., Elkins, Y., Aharoni, E., Weisler-Mamou, I., Goldberger, S. P., & Simhon, Y. (2020) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1815102 · Cited by 5
“…with grief. studies found that women, especially mothers (Jaaniste et al., 2017) showed a greater sense of hopelessness (Rubinstein, 2004) and more symptoms of complicated grief than men (Dyregrov et al., 2003, 2015), but also greater extent of personal growth than fathers (Donovan et al., 2019).”
Background
A cross-sectional examination of sudden-death bereavement in university students
Bhaskaran, J., Afifi, T. O., Sareen, J., Vincent, N., & Bolton, J. M. (2021) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2021.1947298 · Cited by 5
İntihar Sonrası Yas Süreci: Bir Sistematik Gözden Geçirme
Dağ, B. N., & Alkar, Ö. Y. (2022) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.1003904 · Cited by 5
Do professionals disempower bereaved people?
Dyregrov, K. (2005) · Bereavement Care · doi:10.1080/02682620508657622 · Cited by 5
Distress in Portuguese Family Members Bereaved by Suicide: An Exploratory Study
Santos, S., Tavares, S., & Campos, R. C. (2014) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2014.934618 · Cited by 5
Le deuil suite à un suicide : symptomatologie et choix d'intervention
Séguin, M., & Dransart, D. A. C. (2007) · Encyclopédie médico-chirurgicale. Psychiatrie · doi:10.1016/s0246-1072(06)43508-2 · Cited by 5
Psychopathological and Psychosocial Repercussions of Suicide in the Family
Sales, A. P., da Silva, T. P. S., Sougey, É. B., & Filho, J. W. S. C. (2019) · Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573400515666190114155014 · Cited by 6

Authors: DYREGROV, K., NORDANGER, D., & DYREGROV, A.
Affiliations: Senter for Krisepsykologi (NO)
ORCID: DYREGROV, KARI
NORDANGER, DAG
DYREGROV, ATLE
Venue: Death Studies
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2003-02
Volume: 27
Issue: 2
Pages: 143-165
ISSN: 0748-1187 (ISSN-L)
1091-7683
DOI: 10.1080/07481180302892
OpenAlex: W2039200053
Cited by: 327
References: 47
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 7.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Death Studies (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
Keywords: suicide bereavement, sudden infant death syndrome, child accidents, traumatic grief, psychosocial distress, complicated grief, self-isolation, predictors of distress
MeSH terms: Accidents, Age Factors, Female, Forecasting, Grief, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Male, Norway, Parents, Sex Factors, Social Alienation, Sudden Infant Death, Suicide

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PREDICTORS OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DISTRESS AFTER SUICIDE, SIDS AND ACCIDENTS

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